|
【高一同步教程】高中英语必修4
主谓一致用法讲解
一、主谓一致概念
主谓一致指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上应保持一致，这是英语语法中必须遵循的基本规则。
二、主谓一致的三个原则
1.
语法一致原则
主语单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式，即主语是单数，谓语用单数；主语是复数，谓语用复数。The
number of errors is surprising.
Two students are waiting for you in your
office.
2.
意义一致原则
1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people,
police, cattle等。
Cattle eat grass.
牛吃草。
The police were called in.
警察被召来了。
2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics,
economics等。
The news was so surprising.
3.
就近原则
谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的词语。
1）由连词or,
either---or---, neither---nor---, not only---but also---,
连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的那个名词或代词的人称和数一致。
Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.
Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin’s
movies.
Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to
Beijing owing to the bad weather.
George or Tom is wanted.
2）There
be句型中be
的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。
There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the
desk.
Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
3）名词后面带有with,
along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as
well as, rather than短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。
All but one were here just now.
A library with five thousand books is offered to
that nation as a gift.
An expert, together with some assistants, was
sent to help in this work.
You as well as I are wrong.
三、谓语动词用单数形式的情况
1．单个的不可数名词、单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The news is going about
quickly in the small town.
A woman with two
children has come.
2．one，no
one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，one
of，every，everyone，everybody，each，either，neither等用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Everyone wishes for
happiness.
Neither answer is
correct.
3．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句作主语时，谓语用单数形式。
Reading aloud is a good
way of learning English.
To give you a hand when
you are in trouble is my pleasure.
Whether the plan is
practical remains to be proved.
【注意】what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。
What he took with him were two books.
他带去的是两本书。
4．如果主语是人名、国名、书名或组织机构以及以s结尾的学科名称时，谓动通常采用单数形式。
I think Mathematics is
an interesting subject.
One Thousand And One
Nights is
well-known all over the world.
The United Nations was founded in 1945.
The United States is in North America.
The New York Times has a wide
circulation.
5．and所连接的两个单数名词作主语，指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时，其谓语动词用单数。
This bread and butter
is too thick.
这片涂黄油的面包太厚了。
Your colleague and
former college friend is coming to our home tomorrow.
6．当主语为表示度量、时间、金钱、距离等复数名词，一般根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数。
Twenty years is a long
time in one’s life.
Ten miles is too long a
distance for an old man to walk on foot.
Ten dollars is not enough.
Three months is a long time.
7．如果主语由“many
a/ more than one +单数名词”构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，谓语动词仍采用单数形式。
More than one man has
been dismissed.
Many a young person
wants to be a pop star.
【注意】“More +
复数名词
than one”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。
More persons than one have known it.
不止一个人知道这件事。
8．and连接的两个名词分别被every，each，no等修饰时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
Every boy and (every)
girl has shown great interest in the field trip.
Each man, (each) woman
and (each) child has the same right.
9．each单独作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数:
Each student has his own desk.
每个学生都有自己的课桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase.
两个男孩进来，每人提着一只箱子。
【注意】
1）两个或多个“each＋单数名词”结构并列作主语时,
谓语用单数。
2）“each
of＋复数名词或代词”用作主语,
谓语一般要用单数
Each of them was deeply frightened.
他们个个都惊恐万分。
10.
either和neither作主语时，若是单独作主语，谓语通常用单数：
Neither was satisfactory.
两个都不令人满意。
The two guests have arrived, and either is
welcome. 两位客人都到了，哪一位都受欢迎。
【注意】
若是“either
/neither of+复数名词”作主语，则其后的谓语动词可用单数(正式文体)或复数(非正式文体)：
Neither of the two computers is /are cheap.
这两台电脑都不便宜。
Is /Are either of the boys ready?
两个男孩都准备好了吗？
I don’t think either of them is /are at home.
我想他们俩个都会不在家。
11.
成对的名词作主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。
There is a knife and fork on the table.
Bread and butter is daily food in the west.
12．“one
and a half＋复数名词”与“a＋单数名词＋and
a half”作主语
国内不少书认为，这两个结构作主语，谓语均用单数。
One and a half months has passed. / A month and a
half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。
但是，国外一些词书则认为，谓语动词的数取决于这两个结构中名词的数。
One and a half months have passed. / A month and
a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。
13.“
a series /species of +单数或复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be
given by Mr stone.
There has been a whole series accidents in the
street.
14.
名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。常见的省略名词有：the
baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s等。
The doctor’s is across the street.
My uncle’s is not far from here.
【注意】表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell.
15.
算式中表示数目的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。
Twelve plus eight is twenty.
Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
16.
以who,
why, how, whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数；由how
and why, when and where引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。
Why she did this is not known.
When and where we will have the meeting has not
been decided.
17．“one
in (out of) + 复数名词”作主语，此时谓语动词通常用单数。
Only one in ten students has passed the
examination. 只有十分之一的学生通过了考试。
One out of twelve bottles was broken.
每12个瓶子中有一个破了。
四、谓语动词用复数形式的情况
1．有and连接的并列主语及both，few，a
few，several，many，a
great many，a
number of等修饰的复数名词作主语时，后面谓语动词用复数形式。
Few people know he and
I were classmates when we were at college.
A great many people
have come to see the exhibition.
2．集体名词police，cattle，folk
/ folks只能看作复数名词，作主语时，谓语要用复数形式。
The police have
surrounded the building.
3．不可数名词前面加上表示单位的词进行计量，单位词是复数时，谓语用复数形式。
Three million tons of
coal were exported that year.
There are three bottles of ink on the desk.
4．当表示民族的形容词与冠词连用作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
The Chinese are brave
and hardworking.
5．one
or two后接复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。
At the end of Mr. Li’s
class, one or two questions are often left for us to think about.
There are one or two
things I want to talk over with you.
6.
“the
+ 姓的复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The Greens are going to make a trip to London.
7.
以复数形式出现的表示群岛，山脉、瀑布等的专有名词，谓语动词用复数形式。
The Philippines lie to the southeast of China.
Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.
As is known to all, the Rocky Mountains stand in
North American.
8.
the +形容词表示一类人或物时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Generally ,the young are thirsty for knowledge.
As we all know ,the rich are not always happy.
9.
在what从句所引导的“主系表”结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，则主句中谓语动词应用复数形式。
What I say and think are none of your business.
五、谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数的情况
1．单数与复数同形的名词means，sheep，fish，deer，species，series等作主语时，谓语动词的数随其含义而定。
Every possible means
has been tried.
Are there any means
of getting there earlier?
2．集体名词family，population，audience，public，staff，team，band，group，crowd等作主语时，如将其看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如强调其中的个体，谓语动词用复数。
The family is the basic
unit of our society.
His family are
waiting for him.
The whole family is going there.
My family are very well.
The government has started a new school project.
The government are doing their best to help the
poor get rich.
3．在“one
of + 复数名词
+
定语从句”中，如果定语从句的先行词是复数名词，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式；但在“the
only one of +
复数名词
+
定语从句”中，定语从句的先行词是the
only one，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the most
difficult questions that have been asked and Sally is the only one
of the girl who is able to answer it.
4．all，most，some，the
rest，none等不定代词或表示数量的短语a
lot of，lots
of，plenty
of，half
of，part
of及分数、百分数等与名词连用作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。如指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数，如指的是单数概念，谓语动词用单数。
All is right and all
are present.
Lots of damage was
caused by the fire.
One-third of people
present are women.
About 30 percent of
the pupils were absent that day.
Nearly 70% of the
fund was supplied by the Government.
Some of us like sports.
Some of the money was missing.
The rest of the apples have been rotten away
The rest of the fruit has been rotten away.
5．“the
+
形容词”作主语时，通常指一类人，谓语用复数形式。但也可指个别或抽象概念（the
true，the
good，the
beautiful，the
right，the
wrong，the
false），此时谓语用单数形式。
The old are more likely
to catch cold than the young.
The beautiful is not
always the good, and the good is not always the true.
The old are taken good care of in our country.
The injured was a good friend of mine.
The sick here are very well cared for.
The true is to be told from the false.
6．what引导名词从句作主语时，谓语动词依据意义一致的原则，按所指代的内容确定谓语动词的单复数。
What is easy to some
people is often difficult to others.
What we’ve bought
are just some household supplies.
7．由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
When the meeting will
begin and who will attend have not been decided yet.
When and where the
meeting will begin has not been decided.
8．a
kind of，a
pair of等加名词时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。“复数名词
+ of this kind”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A pair of new glasses
is quite expensive.
This kind of men is
dangerous.
Men of this kind are
dangerous.
9.
“a
quantity of +
不可数名词”后用单数形式，“a
quantity of +
复数名词”后用复数形式；“quantities
of +不可数名词或复数名词”后统一用复数形式。
A large quantity of
money has been spent on her clothes.
Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.
10. 由the
majority of +
名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
The majority of criminals are non-violent.
11.
两个主语用and连接时，谓动一般用复数，但当and连接的两个词是指一个观念或同一个人时，谓动动词则用单数。
My brother and I have both seen the film.
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of
China.
The poet and writer has come.
His end and aim is clear to all of us.
12．由两个部分构成一个整体的物品名词（如：glasses,
clothes, trousers, pants, shorts , shoes, compasses, chopsticks,
scissors等）作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但当这类词前有a/the
pair of修饰时，谓动用单数。
His trousers are new.
他的裤子是新的。
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
13．在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
On the wall hang two large portraits.
墙上挂着两幅大肖像。
Between the two rows of trees stands the teaching
building. 要两排树之间是教学楼。
14．population常与定冠词the连用，作主语用时，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式；当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The world's population is increasing faster and
faster. 全世界的人口增长得越来越快。
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the
world's population was about 1,700 million.
在二十世纪初,全世界的人口大约是十七亿。
About seventy percent of the population in China
are farmers.
中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。
六、主谓一致考点总结
【考点一】名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．集体名词做主语时的主谓一致
1）通常用作复数的集合名词
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)，
goods(货物)，clothes(衣服)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数。
The police were after him.
警察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her.
人们开始议论她。
Cattle feed on grass.
牛吃草。
Such clothes are very cheap.
那样的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them.
所有的货物都给他们送去了。
2）只用作单数的不可数集合名词
clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage
/ luggage(行李)，
furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式。
Our clothing protects us from against the cold.
我们的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen.
他们所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move.
这家具搬起来很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in
China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。
3）既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词
family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，谓语动词用单数，当它们强调个体意义时，谓语动词用复数。
Her family is a large one.
她的家庭是一个大家庭。
Her family are all tall.
她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league.
这个队在联赛中打得最好。
The football team are having baths.
足球队队员们在洗澡。
It was late, but the audience was increasing.
时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。
The audience were all moved to tears.
听众都感动得流了泪。
【注意】有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：
The audience was (were) very excited by the show.
观众对演出甚感激动。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in
the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
2．单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
有的名词单数与复形同形，如means(方法),
sheep(绵羊),
fish(鱼),
series(系列),
works(工厂)等，当它们用作主语时，其谓语动词的数需根据这些名词的实际意义来确定，此时要特别注意其修饰语和上下文语境。
Every possible means has been tried.
每种可能的办法都试过了。
All possible means have been tried.
所有可能的办法都试过了。
A sheep is over there.
Some sheep are over there.
【注意】若没有特定的修饰语或语境，则用单数或复数谓语均可。如：
Are /Is there any other means of doing it?
做这事还有其他的什么办法吗?
【考点二】并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
1. 由and或both…and连接的两个单数名词做主语时，谓动一般用复数。
A young man and a girl want to go there.
The singer and the writer are famous to many young people.
Plastics and rubber never rot.
Walking and riding are good exercises.
【注意】但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
The singer and writer is famous to everyone.
A pen and book is what I need.
A needle(针）and
thread(线）was
found on the floor.
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good
habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
2. 当each---and
each---, every---and every---, no---and no---, many a---and many
a---等结构做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.
在月球上没有发现人和动物。
Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their
work.
许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。
3. 由not
only---but also---, either---or---, neither---nor---, ---or---等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据就近原则。
Either you or I am mad.
Neither I nor you have passed the exam.
4. 当主语后有as
well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than（与---一样）,
but, except, in addition to, like, including
等短语时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。
An iron and steel works, with some satellite
factories, is to be built here.
The professor, together with many of his
students, is entering the meeting hall.
【考点三】数量概念的词作主语时的主谓一致
1．当主语为表示度量、时间、金钱、距离等复数名词，一般根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。
Ten dollars is all I have left.
我只剩下10美元。
【注意】但若与pass,
go by, spend, waste等连用时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Six months have passed, and we still have no news
of them.
六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息
2．“分数(百分数)
+ of + 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致。
About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that
day. 那天大约有30%的学生未到。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is
covered by sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海。
3．“all
of (some of, none of, half of, most of, a lot of , lots of, plenty
of, a large quantity of,)+名词”作主语，此时谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致。
Most of the people are against the plan.
大多数人反对这个计划。
Most of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.
地球的大部分地区被水覆盖。
Half of the apple is bad.
这个苹果有一半是坏的。
Half of the apples are bad.
这些苹果当中有一半是坏的。
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
4．a
large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式；large
amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
A large amount of damage was done in a very short
time.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
5．
“a
quantity of +
不可数名词”后用单数形式，“a
quantity of +
复数名词”后用复数形式；“quantities
of +不可数名词或复数名词”后统一用复数形式。
A large quantity of
money has been spent on her clothes.
Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.
6．“one
and a half＋复数名词”与“a＋单数名词＋and
a half”作主语
国内不少书认为，这两个结构作主语，谓语均用单数。
One and a half months has passed. / A month and a
half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。
但是，国外一些词书则认为，谓语动词的数取决于这两个结构中名词的数。
One and a half months have passed. / A month and
a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。
7．“one
in (out of) + 复数名词”作主语，此时谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Only one in ten students has passed the
examination. 只有十分之一的学生通过了考试。
One out of twelve bottles was broken.
每12个瓶子中有一个破了。
8．“a
number of +复数名词”意为“许多”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the
number of +复数名词”意为“------的数目”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of people invited was fifty, but a
number of them were absent for different reasons.
被邀请的人是五十个，但由许多人由于不同原因缺席了。
9．“a
(the, this, that) kind /sort / type of +
名词”做主语，谓语用单数形式；但“these
(those, all, many, some) kinds of +
名词”做主语，谓语则用复数形式。
This kind of book is useful for us.
这种书对我们很用。
Many kinds of shoes are on sale in that shop.
那个店里有许多种鞋出售。
【注意】“名词+
of a (the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many等)
+ kind(s) ”做主语，谓语动词的数与前面名词的数一致。如：
Book of this kind is useful for us.
这种书对我们有用。
Apples of these kinds are sour.
这种苹果是酸的。
10．“one
or two + 名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“a(an)
+名词单数or
two”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
One or two days are enough for them.
A day or two is enough for them.
给他们一两天时间足够了。
【考点四】不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1．someone,
anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Someone is asking to see you.
有人找你。
Nobody is to blame for it.
这谁也不怨。
No one wants to read such books.
没有人想看那样的书。
2．all
作主语时，若指人，谓语通常用复数形式；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数形式。
All have gone home.
大家都走了。
All that glitters is not gold.
发亮的不一定都是金子。
【比较】
All is silent.
万籁俱寂。(指现象)
All are silent.
人人都沉默不语。(指具体的人)
【注意】
若是“all of+名词”作主语，则谓语动词与其中名词的数保持一致。
All (of) the money is mine.
所有这些钱都是我的。
All (of) his friends are poor.
他所有的朋友都很穷。
3．either和neither作主语时，若是单独作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Neither was satisfactory.
两个都不令人满意。
The two guests have arrived, and either is
welcome. 两位客人都到了，哪一位都受欢迎。
【注意】
若是“either
/neither of + 复数名词”作主语，则其后的谓语动词可用单数(正式文体)或复数(非正式文体)：
Neither of the two computers is /are cheap.
这两台电脑都不便宜。
Is /Are either of the boys ready?
两个男孩都准备好了吗？
I don’t think either of them is /are at home.
我想他们俩个都会不在家。
4．each单独作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each student has his own desk.
每个学生都有自己的课桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase.
两个男孩进来，每人提着一只箱子。
【注意】
1）两个或多个“each＋单数名词”结构并列作主语时,
谓语动词用单数形式。
2）“each
of＋复数名词或代词”用作主语,
谓语一般要用单数
Each of them was deeply frightened.
他们个个都惊恐万分。
5．none
(of)
作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形似；若指复数名词，谓语可用单数形式(正式文体)或复数形式(非正式文体)。
None of the money is mine.
这笔钱没有一点是我的。
None of the boys like /likes it.
这些男孩子谁也不喜欢它。
6．“one
of+名词复数”后面的定语从句，
谓语动词应该用复数；而“the
(only) one of + 名词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。
He is one of the students that have passed the
exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。
He is the (only) one of the students that has
passed the exam. 他就是通过考试的那个学生。
7．both,
few, several, many +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
Few of them are any good.
它们没有几个有用。
Many have given their lives in the cause of
truth. 为了真理许多人献出了生命。
8．the
rest
作主语，指不可数名词时谓语动词用单数形式，指复数名词时谓语动词用复数形式。
The rest of the money is yours.
剩余的钱归你。
The rest are arriving later.
其他人稍候就到。
|