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四、关系副词

英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。

1、when的用法

when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。

July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。

He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。

Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗?

2、where的用法

where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。

After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.

在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。

I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.

我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。

She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。

One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood.

一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。

【注意】：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。

This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。

I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。

3、why的用法

why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。

This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。

Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？

【注意】巧记定语从句的用法

主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。

五、“介词＋关系代词”用法

1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语

介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。

I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。

The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。

This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。

In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在办公室里，我好像知道五点半从有时间，在此前很多人都已回家了。

【注意】：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。

The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米远的村庄里。

2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语

介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。

They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.

他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。

I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。

3、不定代词或数词+of + which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语

不定代词或数词+ of + which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。

China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。

There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.

这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这个电影。

4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语

这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。

Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?

The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.

这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。

The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.

这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。

5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。

The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。

The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。

6、名词+of which，代替whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。

He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.

他给了那个男孩10美元让她擦十扇窗户，大部分窗户至少一年没擦了。

I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.

我看见一些树，它们的叶子因生病而发黑。

He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名我忘了。

7、介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修饰后边的名词。

It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.

雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。

The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.

司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。

【比较】：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。

She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.

她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱给他的丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。

At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home.

他终于有给家写信的内容了。

六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句

定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。

This is the man who came to see you yesterday.这就是昨天来看你的那个人。(限制性定语从句)

It happened at the time when I left the office. 这件事发生在我离开办公室的时候。

2、非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。

Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy.

昨天我遇见了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句)

In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year.

英国有5580万人口，每年有11万人口死于吸烟。(非限制性定语从句)

Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C.领导美国人民经历了这些年的亚伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被枪杀。(非限制性定语从句)