第一节：句子成分
句子成分有主次之分，主要成分就是指主语、谓语。其中，谓语是一个句子的核心。缺少了谓语动词就不是句子。比如说祈使句，往往只是用谓语动词构成。句子也会有次要成分，比如宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等，它们只是对句子的主要成分起着修饰、解释、补充或者说明的作用。
英语的句子就好比一棵树，如图：
通过右边这幅图可以看出来，这棵树就是一个英语句子，整个树的最重要的部分就是“主语、谓语”，树的纵向主干是：主语+谓语+宾语/表语+补语。其它一些小的分叉就是：定语、状语等。
主语 （The subject）
主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体、对象。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
Birds fly. 鸟在飞 He runs. 他跑 Mary likes her dolls. 玛丽喜欢她的洋娃娃。
My love for you is deeper than the sea.我对你的爱比海深。
What produces heat? 什么产生能量？
Listening to the radio is good practice in learning English. 听广播是学习英语的好方法。
Many of us were too tired to go further. 我们中许多人累的再也走不动了。
People equate success in life with the ability of operation computer.
人们会把使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。
No invention has received more praise and abuse than internet.
没有一个发明像因特网一样受到如此多的表扬和批评。
When men first made use of electricity is not exactly known.
人们并不知道人类最初用电的确切时间。
It is no use pumping a dry well. 枯井打水，徒劳无益。
主语的省略：某些场合，主语可以省略。
Do tell me your reasons. 务必告诉我你的理由。
Haven’t seen you for ages! 好久没有见到你了。
【Exercise】用横线画出下面句子的主语部分。
The goods are in great demand.
Three-fourths of the earth’s surface consists of water.
Much of time was wasted.
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.
How to do the experiment is not told.
【Keys】
1. The goods 2. Three-fourths 3. Much 4. holding back the wheel of history 5. Whichever of you comes in first 6. How to do the experiment
谓语 （The predicate）
谓语表示主语的行为动作或者所处的状态。通俗点说，谓语就是指“动作”，是个动词。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。
I read a good article in today’s newspaper. 我在今天的报纸上读到一篇好文章。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 日升东方，日落西方。
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氢和氧组成。
Turn off the light. 关灯。Get out. 滚出去。
She opened the door and let cat in. 她打开门，让猫进去。
We ought to help each other in our study. 我们应该在学习中互相帮助。
He must miss the train if he doesn’t hurry up. 如果他不快一点，就会误火车。
Too much smoking tends to injure the voice. 吸烟过多，容易坏嗓子。
We are anxious to know the result of your trial. 我们急于知道你的试验结果。
You have been kept waiting long. 让你久等了。
His hair has turned grey. 他头发都白了。
【Exercise】用横线画出下面句子的谓语部分。
1. I registered at a hotel near the train station.
2. He lives on a small salary.
3. I looked up the word in the dictionary.
4. Please fill the form out carefully.
5. Need I explain once more?
【Keys】
1. registered 2. lives on 3. looked up 4. fill… out 5. Need …explain
宾语 （The object）
宾语表示动作的对象、行为的承受者或者动作的结果。
She put on her glasses and took the letter from my hand. 她戴上眼镜，从我手中把信拿过去。
The temperature continues to rise. 气温继续上升。
I don’t know whether to accept or refuse. 我不知道该接受还是拒绝。
The twins are so much alike that I never know which is which.
这对双胞胎一模一样，我总分不清哪个是哪个。
They waved farewell to their friends on the train. 他在火车上挥手向朋友告别。
Each apartment could house a family of six. 每套公寓可以一个六口之家。
同源宾语（The cognate object）是一种特殊的宾语，句中的谓语动词多是不及物动词用作及物动词。其后跟一个与其同源或者意义相近的名词作宾语，这个宾语叫同源宾语。同源宾语通常带有定语修饰。同源宾语表现力很强，可以使用比喻，夸张等手法，灵活多样的表现出各种情调和意义。
Liu hu-lan lived a great life and died a glorious death. 刘胡兰生的伟大，死的光荣。
They danced traditional lion dances to celebrate their victory. 他们舞传统的狮子舞来庆祝胜利。
补语 （The complement）
宾语补足语（The object complement）
有时一个及物动词带了直接宾语后，意义仍然不够完整。还需要一些词或者词组来补充说明宾语的动作或所处的状态，这个补充说明宾语的成分，就是宾语补足语。
Be careful not to burn the meat black. 当心别把肉烧焦了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid. 有的事还是不说的好。
He prefers his coffee strong. 他喜欢喝浓咖啡。
The news struck me dumb with amazement. 那消息使我惊奇的哑口无言。
We felt the house shake. 我们感到房子震动。
The Communist Party of China has made us what we are today. 是中国共产党使我们有了今天。
Pork has priced itself out of our dish. 猪肉涨价了，我们再也吃不起了。
主语补足语（The subject complement）
主语补足语是说明主语的身份、状态、性质、特征或动作。
当原来的宾语补足语的句型（SVOC）变为被动句时，原来宾语成为被动句的主语，原来的宾语补足语，也就变成了主语补足语。
主+谓+宾+宾补(SVOC) 主（原宾语）+be+v-ed(原谓语动词)+主语补足语（原宾语补足语）（SVC）
These goods must be kept cool and dry. 这些货物必须保存在凉爽干燥处。
He was unanimously elected president. 他全票当选为会长。
It may be called what you like. 随你怎么称呼都可以。
He worked as an interpreter. 他做口译翻译。
表语 （The predicative）
表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的身份、类属、特征、状态等。
My sister has turned an engineer. 我姐姐成为工程师。
He looks an honest man. 他看上去是个诚实的人。
The room is clean and tidy. 房间整洁。
This umbrella is yours and that one is hers. 这把伞是你的，那一把是她的。
It was I who answered the phone. 是我接的电话。
The result of experiment is encouraging. 实验结果令人鼓舞。
I am sorry that your brother is ill. 你兄弟有病，我很难过。（复合表语）
定语 （The attributive）
定语是名词修饰语。就其与被修饰的中心词相对位置来说，可分为前置定语（pre-modifiers）和后置定语（Post-modifiers）.
前置定语（pre-modifiers）：
Paper tiger. 纸老虎
English brings us in contact with vast areas of the world. 英语使我们接触世界上的广大地区。
He spent much time correcting my grammar. 他花了很多时间改正我的语言。
What size shoes do you want? 你要什么号码的鞋？
They are getting a special bus to take us to the football match.
他们正在寻找一辆专用的公共汽车吧我们送往足球场。
后置定语（Post-modifiers）
His words moved everyone present.
他的话感动了在场的每一个人。（由any, every, no, some构成的复合词带定语时，定语一律后置。）
Has anybody anything more to say? 还有什么人有什么事要说吗？
There is nothing important about it. 这并不是什么重要事。
He suggests a method economical and practical.
他提出了一个既经济又可行的办法。（加强语气的作用）
The third person singular. 单数第三人称。（习惯用法）
He lives in the house opposite to ours.
他住在我们家对面的房子里。（形容词后面跟动词不定式、比较结构、介词短语等，已扩展成形容词短语时，要后置。）
There are products ready to he dispatched. 这些是准备发送的产品。
I never read a piece of science fiction so interesting as this one.
我从未读过像这篇如此有趣的科幻小说。
Science today is developing at a tremendous speed.
今天的科学正以惊人的速度发展。（作后置定语的副词常见的有：today, alone, before, out, here, down, above等等）
Can you tell me something about the social system there?
你可以给我讲些有关那里社会制度的情况吗？
And four days afterward he was on the Zenith train. 四天以后，他已经在齐尼斯号火车上了。
The design above is made by Mr. Ding. 上述图样是由丁先生制作的。
He is always the last person to leave office.
他总是最后一个离开办公室的人。 (不定式作后置定语)
The questions to be answered are on page 21.
要回答的问题在21页上。（不定式、数次作后置定语）
同位语 （The appositive）
同位语是表示一件事物的另一种说法，或是举出其具体内容，或一部分内容，对前面的词、短语或句子作进一步的补充说明或者描述。并与其所修饰的成分在语法上处于同等地位。相同的语法作用。
The film Brave Heart. 电影《勇敢的心》
The combination of the elements carbon and oxygen forms the compound carbon dioxide.
碳和氧两种元素化合形成化合物二氧化碳。
We Chinese people look at things differently from you American people.
我们中国人和你们美国人对事情的看法不同。
伦敦，英国的首都，是英语文学中心。
One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
有一个报到是关于一个11岁的女生，维拉.彼得洛娃，她拥有普通的实力但是却能用她皮肤的不同部分辨认物体，甚至能穿过厚厚的墙。
状语 （The adverbials）
状语是用来说明谓语动词的动作过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式、方法、程度、原因、结果、目的、条件、伴随、让步、比较等。
Birds fly in the sky every day. 鸟每天都在天上飞。（时间状语、地点状语）
Arriving at the top of the hill, we were faced by a most impressive scene.
到达山顶时，一副动人的景象展现在我们面前。（分词短语做时间状语）
I had found the letter in the kitchen by searching carefully.
通过仔细寻找，我在厨房里找到那封信。(地点状语、方式状语)
She’ll come to see you. 她会来看你。（不定式作目的状语）
He sat reading. 他坐着读书。（分词做伴随状语）
I like this job with all its disadvantages.
尽管有其不利的情况，我仍然喜欢这工作。（介词短语做让步状语）
Your skill is superior to mine. 你的技术比我高。（介词短语作比较状语）
Generally speaking, they might make some contributions to the struggle.
一般而言，他们会对这场斗争做些贡献。
It rained; therefore the game was called off. 下雨了，因此比赛被取消。
They shouldn’t be going south. 他们不该向南走。
In ancient times there was in
古代中国有个大学问家，名叫孔夫子。
Because of its advantages over some other natural materials, plastics is often preferred by manufacturers. 由于塑料比某些其它天然材料有许多优点，所以很受生产商喜欢。
使用不同的符号划分出下面这些句子的不同成分。
主语用“ ”表示。谓语用“ ”表示。宾语和表语用“ ”表示。定语用“（ ）”表示。状语用“[ ]”表示。补语用“{ }”表示。同位语用“/ /”隔开表示。
遇到相应的从句，均在原有符号下面添加“ ”。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句不变化。定语从句用“（ ）”表示等。
【Example】：I had found the letter [in the kitchen by searching carefully].
The younger generation is essentially different [from the older generation].
【Exercise】
Several cases have been reported in
detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.
One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
This ability was first noticed by her father.
One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.
Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.
Vera’s curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of
During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child’s game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colors printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colors of a picture hidden under a carpet.
Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.
It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.
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