主句：在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从句后的部分，是句子的主句。
定语从句：相当于形容词，修饰主句中的一个名词或代词，相当于主句的一个定语
先行词：先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词：关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的三个作用
1. 作定语从句的一个句子成分。
2. 起着连接主句和从句的作用（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。
3. 代指被修饰的先行词。
① 指人时可以用who, 也可用that。
Do you know the boy who/that is my desk mate?
The man who/that was killed in the accident is Tom’s uncle.
② 指物时可以用which, 也可用that：
I like visiting places which/that are not far away.
How do you like the film which/that was shown last Sunday.
③ whose可以指人也可以指物
He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.
The dog whose tail is very short is my neighbor’s.
④ 关系代词作宾语时可以省略：
I like the meal that/which / ( ) we had last night.
Do you know the boy who/whom/that/() we talked about just now?
注：（）表示关系代词省略
关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，how不能作关系词。例如：
① We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
② He has reached the point where a change is needed.
③ That is no reason why you should leave.
④ This is the way how I did it. (how不能作关系词)
基础过关：
1. 用合适的关系词完成句子。
① The man / was here yesterday is a painter.
② The man / / / I saw is called Smith.
③ A child parents are dead is called an orphan.
④ I'd like a room window looks out over the sea.
⑤ A letter / is written in pencil is hard to read.
⑥ The letter / / I received from him yesterday is very important.
⑦ That is the boy / / / you are looking for.
⑧ Do you know the reason he was late for the meeting.
⑨ This is the school I used to study.
⑩ I still remember the day we met for the first time.
2. 用符号标出下列句子的主句、定语从句、先行词和关系词：
主句：______ 定语从句：（ ） 先行词：
先行词 关系词：
例：This is the book (that I have been looking for).
① The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.
② Have you bought which the book we talked about
③ I still remember the day which we spent together last week.
④ He still lives in the house whose windows face south.
⑤ The boy whose father is a policeman speaks English most fluently in our class.
⑥ The girl who you met was John’s sister.
⑦ There is no reason why we shouldn’t be friends.
⑧ They arrived in the early morning when the sky was still dark.
⑨ The days were gone when we had to travel on horses.
⑩ Is this the hospital where you were born?
考点1. 选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中做什么成分
含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分：主句和从句。关系词是定语从句的一个成分。
选用关系词，要看关系词在定语从句中做什么成分，而不是看先行词是什么词性。
1. He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.
2. He worked in the factory where his father had worked.
3. I like the school which is near to my home.
4. I like the school where my sister studies.
在句1和句2中，先行词前都有in, 但关系词有用which也有用where的；
在句3和句4在，先行词都是the school, 但关系词有用which也有用where的。
因此，我们可以看出，对关系词起决定性作用的并不是先行词。
在句1和句3中，关系词在定语从句中都是做主语，因此用的都是关系代词which
在句2和句4中，关系词在定语从句中都是做状语，因此都是用关系副词where
我们可以看出，用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中做什么成分。
考点2. 选用关系词的方法：一“找”二“还”三“替换”
1. 找：就是找出主句、从句、先行词和关系词（参看本章第1讲）
2. 还：根据先行词提供的意思，大胆的把定语从句还原为完整的一句话，（可以添词）
3. 替换：用关系词替换关系词还原后的部分，做主语和宾语用关系代词，做状语用关系副词（时间状语用when，地点状语用where, 原因状语用why）（同初中时做的“对划线部分提问”相似，该用what的时候用成which/that即可）
例如：
1. This is the school ____ I once studied.
2. This is the school ____ is the most famous in the city.
3. I am studying at a school ____ my father teaches English.
找：（略）
还原：根据先行词的提示，这三句话的定语从句还原成完整的一句话后分别为：
1. I once studied at the school.
2. The school is the most famous in the city.
3. My father teaches English at the school.
粗斜体部分为根据先行词的意思把关系词还原后的部分。
替换：根据 “对划线部分提问”的规则，1.和3.用where, 2.本该用what, 在定语从句中该用what的要换为which/that。
因此，答案为：1.where 2. that/which 3. where
【2009江西】The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
答案与分析：A没有关系词，不能连接两句话；C介词后不能用that；D关系词一般不位于句末；而B可以看作是关系代词做宾语、放在句首并且省略了。因此选B。
利用一“找”二“还”三“替换”的方法选择关系词
1. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
2. Is this the reason ______ he was so careless in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
3. The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B. that; why
C. for that; that D. for which; what
4. He lives in a village ____ is not far from the city.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
5. He lives in the village ____ he was born.
A. which B. where C. what D. whose
6. In an hour, we travel to places___ could have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A where B. when C which D. what
7. In an hour, we travel to places___ we can relax and get refreshed..
A. where B. when C. which D. what
8. The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
9. The place _______he had a good time last Sunday was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
10. I’ll never forget the days _____ we studied together.
A. that B. 不填 C. when D. A and B
11. I’ll never forget the days _____ we spent together.
A. that B. 不填 C. when D. A and B
12. If we want to have a bright future, we must learn to act in ways ____ do not do harm to other living things.
A. in which B. / C. how D. that
13. Is this the factory _____ color TV sets are produced.
A. when B. the one where C. that D. in which
14. Is this factory _____ color TV sets are produced?
A. where B. the one where C. that D. in which
15. This is the factory ____ produces colors TV sets.
A. where B. the one where C. that D. in which
16. 【2010福建】Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
17. 【2010天津】—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
—You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
18. 【2011陕西】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, __________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A. which B. where C. who D. that
19. 【2011福建】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
20. 【2012江西】By 16:30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B．when C．what D．that
考点1. 先行词是anything, something, nothing, everything, 等不定代词时
关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
1. He never reads anything ______ is not worth reading.
A. which B. as C. who D. that
2. Is there anything__________ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
3. 【2010全国2】I refuse to accept the blame for something ________ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
考点2. 先行词是all, much，little, none或先行词被all, much, little, no, any修饰时
关系词只能用that, 不能用which。
All the people that are present burst into tears.
4. These people once had fame and fortune; now ____ is left to them is utter poverty.
A. all that B. all what C. all which D. that all
5. The doctor did all ____to save the wounded boy.
A. what he could B. he could
C. everything which he could
D. for which he could do
6. There is not much ___ can be done.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
7. 【2010浙江】_________ that's important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction.
A. One B. All C. Everything D. Anything
8. There is no difficulty ____ can't be overcome in the world.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
9. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. that B. those C. which D. what
10. You can take any seat ___ is free.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
考点3. 先行词被最高级、序数词以及 the first, the last, the very, the only, the same
等类似特指这类词修饰时，关系代词常用that，不用which.
11. The most important thing ______ we should pay attention to is the first thing ______ I have said.
A. which；that B. that；which
C. which；which D. that；that
12. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which who
13. The TV play I watched last night is the best one ____ I have watched this year.
A. which B. what C. whose D. that
14. This is the very film ___ I've long wished to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
15. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which B. who C. that D. /
16. This is the last time__ I shall come here to help you.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
17. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
考点4. 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词用that
18. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
19. Both the girl and her dog ____ were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.
A. which B. who C. they D. that
20. All the passengers and suitcases ____ were still waiting on the broken down bus had to be transferred to another long distance bus.
A. they B. who C. which D. that
21. He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
这只是在选用关系代词时才使用这些规则。如：
22. 【2010福建】Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
23. This is the same house _____ her grandfather was born.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
考点1. 关系代词直接放在介词后面时，要用which，whom;不能用that, who
1. 【2011湖南】Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
2. 【2008湖南】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control.
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
3. This is the museum ____we saw an exhibition the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
4. 【2009全国I】She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
5. 【2010浙江】The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _______ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A. whom B. which C. them D. those
6. 【2012上海】Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _ _ you received gifts?
A. which B. them C. that D. whom
考点2. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which, who, whom, 不用that，也不能省略
7. 【2008浙江】Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.
A. whom B. where C. that D. which
8. 【2010全国1】As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ________ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
9. 【2012全国Ⅱ】That evening, ___ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
10. Yesterday she sold her car, ______she bought a month ago.
A. whom B. where C. that D. the one
考点3. 当先行词前面有which，who等疑问代词时，为避免重复，用关系代词that
同理，当先行词是that, those时，用关系代词which或who。
What’s that which is under the desk？
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
11. Who is the person ___ is standing at the gate of
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
12. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
13. Who _____ has common sense will do such a thing?
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
14. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
考点4. 关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实意主语时, that可指人或物，而且通常省略
(概括为：在从句中位于be后。此条仅作了解)
He still talks like the man （that） he was ten years ago.
他谈起话来仍像十年前一样。
The train is the fastest train （that） there has ever been.
这列火车是有史以来最快的火车。
My typewriter is not the machine(that)it was.
我的打字机已不是过去的机器了。
15. She was no longer the woman ___ she was.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
16. She is no longer the sweet girl ___ she used to be.
A. what B. who C. when D. that
考点5. 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)时，关系代词常用who
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
All who heard the story were amazed.所有听到这个故事的人都很惊讶。
whose 做关系代词可以指人也可指物，用作定语。
考点1. 若指物，它还可以同of which互换, 指人，则不可与of whom互换
1. He lives in a house. Its window faces south.
He lives in a house. The window of it faces south.
→He lives in a house whose window faces south.
He lives in a house, the window of which faces south.
He lives in a house, of which the window faces south.
2. He is the farmer. His son is studying in
由于我们一般说his son不说the son of him, 说my book, 不说the book of me, 因此我们只能说
He is the farmer whose son is studying in Qinghua University.
而不能说：He is the farmer, the son of whom is studying in
考点2. 名词前有冠词the时用of which, 名词前没有冠词时用whose
1. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which C. in which
3. 【2010陕西】The old temple, _______ roof was damaged in storm, is now under repair.
A. where B. which C. its D. whose
4. 【2011全国I】The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
5. She had two brothers and a sister,_____ faces she could remember , because they had died when she was very young.
A. none of whose B. none of them
C. neither of whose D. all of whose
6. 【2008陕西】The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds.
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
7. 【2009安徽】Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village．
A．their B．whose C．of them D．with whom
8. 【2012天津】I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _______help I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
考点1. as引导限制性定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句时, as是关系代词，代指the same, so, such和as引导的短语，在定语从句中通常做主语、宾语和表语。常用于下面四种情况：
1. such...as/ such as意为“...的那种...，像那样的”。
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face.(as做主语)
不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。
You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语)
你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。
2. the same...as/the same as意为“与...同样的”
We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语)
我们已得出和他们同样的结论。
This is the same watch as I lost. (as作宾语)
这同我丢的那块表一样。
3. as+形+冠+n + as，是 as +形+as的一种变化形式。
He is as good as his brother他和他弟弟一样好。这句话还可以表达为：
He is as good a boy as his brother.
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (as作宾语)
这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。
4. so+形+冠+n + as，是 such+冠+形+n …as的一种变化形式。
He is such a nice boy. 用so可以表达为：
He is so nice a boy.
It was so difficult a problem as no one worked out.
这是一道没有人算出来的难题。
考点2. the same…as与the same…that
the same…as指同一类，the same…that指同一个
I bought the same car as yours.
我买的那辆汽车和你的一模一样。
This is the same bag (the very bag) that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢失的那个包
That is the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.
那就是前天来求助的同一个人
考点3. such…as 和such….that的区别（该用定语从句还是用结果状语从句）
such…as “像……样的”, as引导的是定语从句, as做句子成分；
such…that“如此……以至于”，that引导的是结果状语从句, that不做句子成分。
判断办法：
如果后面成分完整，用that来引导结果状语从句；
如果后面句子成分不完整，则用as来引导定语从句。
He is such a lovely boy that we all love him.
（成分完整，结果状语从句）译为：
他如此可爱,我们都喜欢他。
He is such a lovely boy as we all love .
（成分不完整，是定语从句）译为：
他是那种我们都喜爱的男孩。
练习
1. He is such a lazy man ____ nobody wants to work with___.
A as him B that; / C. as; / D. whom; him
2. It wasn’t such a good present ___ he had promised me.
A. that B. as C. which D. what
3. These houses are sold at such a low price ___ people expected.
A. like B. as C. that D. which
4. He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
5. He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
6. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
7. This is such a heavy box ____ I can’t move it.
A. as B. that C. which D. whose
8. Pop music is such an important part of society ___ it has even influenced our language.
A. as B. that C. which D. where
9. Last term our English teacher set so difficult an examination problem____ none of us worked out.
A. as B. that C. which D. whose
10. The man showed us so heavy a stone ___ no one can lift.
A. that B. as C. which D and
11. I received ___ nice a gift __ my mother promised.
A. the same, as B. as, as
C. such, as D. the same, that
12. I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
13. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
14. I found the book just ___ I borrowed yesterday so I got it back at once.
A. the same that B. the same as
C. such as D. such that
15. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
考点4. but用作关系代词（选学内容）
but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that ／which ／who．．．not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。(为了快速培养语感，也可把but意译为“除了”)。
1. There is no mother but loves her own children．
（＝There is no mother that／who does not love her own children．）
没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
2. There is no man but feels pity for the starving children.
没有人不为这些饥饿的孩子感到同情的。
3. There are very few but admire his talents.（but = who don't）
很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。
4. There is no rule but has exception.
凡规则都有例外。
考点5. than用作关系代词 （选学内容）
than在定语从句中作关系代词，在从句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语，但仍以充当主语为多。在定语从句中，它与关系代词that所起的语法作用是差不多的，只是在翻译或解释时，要比that多一层比较的意味。另外，由than含有比较意味可知，该类定语从句的先行词前通常要有形容词的比较级形式。例如：
1. You make more money than is intended to make.(主语)
你挣得的钱比预计的要多。
2. There were more casualties than was reported.
伤亡人数比报道的要多。
3. Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
报纸和其它媒体做的不仅仅是记录发生的事情。
写作专练1. as做关系代词很有用（P 17）
1. 【2008北京】I’ll give you my friend’s home address,
I can be reached most evenings.
A. which B. when C. whom D. where
2. 【2008安徽】All the neighbor admire this family, ______the parents are treating their child like a friend.
A. why B. where C. which D. that
3. 【2009重庆】Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what C. that D. where
4. 【2009北京】–I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.
A. where B. Which C. When D. that
5. 【2012重庆】Sales director is a position _____ communication ability is just as important as sales ability.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
6. 【2012浙江】We live in an age ________ more information is available with great ease than ever before.
A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which
考点2. the way做先行词
首先要确定the way在定语从句中做什么成分。
如果the way在定语从句中做主语或宾语，要选用关系代词。如：
1. I don’t like the way ____ will cost too much money.
2. The way____ he thought of to solve the problem was not practical.
在句1中，the way在定语从句中做主语，因此要填关系代词that/which
在句2中，the way在定语从句中做宾语，因此也要用关系代词：that/which/省略
如果the way在定语从句中做状语，关系词用下面三种情况的的任一种都行
①in which, ②that ③省略
The way ____ he answered the question was surprising.
A. how B. that C. in which D. 不填 E. B\C\D
答案：定语从句恢复为完整的一句话后为：He answered the question in the way. in the way在定语从句中做状语，因此选E。
7. The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
8. That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B. which C. for which D. with which
9. This is the only way _____ you can find.
A. that B. 不填 C. in which
D. A, B and C E. A and B
10. I don’t like the way _____ he spoke to his mother.
A. that B. 不填 C. in which D. A, B and C
考点3. situation, case, point, business等后常用关系副词where
11. 【2007江西】After graduation she reached a point in her career___ she needed to decide what to do.
A. that B．what C．which D．where
12. 【2009浙江】I have reached a point in my life
I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A which B where C how D why
13. 【2003上海】I can think of many cases ____students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
14. 【2008江西】Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
A. where B. when C. who D. which
15. 【2004湖南】I work in a business ____almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
16. 【2009福建】It’s helpful to put children in a situation
they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
17. In experiments ____ young teens are allowed to sleep as long as they want, they tend to sleep an average of hours.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
考点4. occasion(时机)做先行词用关系副词时用when
It was a rare -indeed unique -occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right
考点5. when引导非限制性定语从句
18. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ___ for the first time in years their team won the world cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
19. The rainbow can’t be seen at noon, ____ the sun is high in the sky.
A. while B. when C. so D. that
20. Christmas is the only time of the year, ___ men and women open their hearts freely and think of other people.
A. while B. when C. so D. that
21. We played in the garden till sunset，___ it began to rain．
A. when B. after C. while D. then
1 关系代词作宾语时的省略
当关系代词在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语且关系代词不直接位于介词后面时，可以省略。如：
Is there anything (which) you want? 想要什么东西吗?
Who is the man (that, who, whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?
但是，如果是直接用于介词后作宾语，则不可省略。如：
This is the room in which I live. 这是我住的那间房间。
2 关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实意主语时, that可指人或物，而且通常省略
China is not the country (that) it was in the old times. 中国已不是旧时代的中国了。
The old man is not the man (that) he was. 这个老人已不是以前那个样子了。
This is the fastest computer（that） there has ever been.
这是有史以来运算最快的计算机。
关系副词when的省略
用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但若用于day, year, time, the moment等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：
That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。
I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
.By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.
到十四岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。
Do you still remember the day(when) we first met?
你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？
关系副词where的省略
用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但若用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere等几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：
This is the place (where) we met for the first time. 这是我们第一次见面的地方。
Do you have anywhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?
你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？
关系副词why的省略
关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：
That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由
考点1. 关系代词直接跟在介词后时，只可用whom或 which,不可用who, that
(参看P4考点1)
考点2. from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，可以引导定语从句
例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
1.
A. from that B. from where
C. from there D. from here
考点3. 像look after, look for等固定短语动词
在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
2. This is the baby __tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look
B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after
D. after whom I shall look after
3. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ___ up to half will be from overseas.
A. in which B. for which
C. with which D. of whom
4. There are many books on science, ___ this is one example.
A. which B. from which
C. of which D. into which
5. 【2008四川】For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____ New York is an example.
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
6. 【2012四川】In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them
看与先行词的搭配
7. The bicycle ___ he often rides needs repairing.
A. on which B. in which
C. by which D. with which
8. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
9. 【2012全国Ⅱ】
A. for B. at C. on D. of
10. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
11. 【2008上海】We went through a period ______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
12. 【2012湖南】Care of the soul is a gradual process _____even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what C. which D. in which
看谓语的搭配
13. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which
C. in which D. for which
14. Henry set up a club for football fans, ______ he invited all his friends.
A. for whom B. to whom
C. to which D. from which
15. 【2010上海】Wind power is an ancient source of energy _______ we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which
C. to which D. from which
16. Is this just the city ____ the foreign guests wish to pay a visit _____.
A. which, in B. to which, /
C. that, to D. to that, /
17. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom
18. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom
19. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
20. Last summer we visited the
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
21. 【2009陕西】Gun control is a subject ____ Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
根据句子意思
22. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside the house.
A. which; what B. through which; what
C. through that; what D. what; that
23. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ___ many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which time
24. 【2008上海春】Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_________ there won’t be much work
A. where B. that C. by which D. without which
25. 【2008福建】By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qumolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A. of which B. on which
C. from which D. above which
|
|
限制性定语从句 |
非限制性定语从句 |
|
形式上 |
不用逗号和主句隔开 |
用逗号和主句隔开 |
|
意义上 |
是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 |
是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整 |
|
译法上 |
翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…” |
通常翻译成主句的并列句 |
|
关系词的使用上 |
A. 做宾语时可省略 B.可用that C. 可用who代替whom |
A.不可省 B.不用that |
⑴限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。【限制性】
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。【非限制性】
当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我的房子，去年买的，带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
练习：
翻译下列句子，注意体会限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在表达意思上的区别：
1. He has a brother who is a physicist.
He has a brother, who is a physicist.
2. He returned all the books which are written in English.
He returned all the books, which are written in English.
3. The man who lives next door is a doctor.
My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.
4. A student who studies hard will make good progress.
The student, who lives far from school, is the captain of their football team.
考点2. As，which引导的非限制性定语从句
① as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
②as引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。当从句为否定时不能用as
③as, which 可指代一句话，也可指代一句话的一部分。
④非限制性定语从句将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
⑤as is often the case是常用说法，意为“象往常那样；正如经常发生的那样”。
1. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
A. which B. as C. that D. it
2. 【2010四川】After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，______ turned out to be a wise decision．
A. that B. which C. when D. where
3. Eric received training in computer for one year, ____ he found a job in a big company.
A. after that B. after which
C. after it D. after this
4. You were very impolite to him, for ______ you should make an apology to him, I think.
A. this B. which C. what D. that
5. 【2011北京】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.
A. who B. which C. what D. that
6. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ___ was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
7. 【2008全国II】The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. it B. what C. which D. that
8. 【2009全国II】My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
9. 【2009山东】Whenever I met her,_________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which C. when D. that
10. 【2012北京】When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
11. ____ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
A. As B. That C. It D. What
12. 【2004 江苏】________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
13. If the low-income families cannot afford to purchase medical insurance, ___ was the case with Wang Lin, other measures to reduce poverty will not succeed.
A. It B. Which C. As D. That
14. The Beatles, _____ many of you are told enough to remember, came from
A. what B. that C. how D. as
15. He must be from
A. that B. as C. who D. what
16. 【2012福建】The air quality in the city, ______ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
17. 【2012安徽】Ａlot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
写作专练2. as, which 引导非限制性定语从句（P 17）
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
Word came that he had been abroad.
据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。（定语从句）
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句）
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用，功能上相当于形容词；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，是名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
<同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息>
The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
<定语从句, 指他告诉我的消息。>
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有。
<同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容>
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。
<定语从句, promise在从句中作pleased的主语>
3. 引导词上的区别
1. 引导词that
引导词that引导定语从句时，做从句的一个成分，有时可用which替换，作宾语时常常省略；而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替。
练习：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句：
①The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令昨天收到了。
②The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。
解析：
①是同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，但不能省略。
②是定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以换为which，也可以省略。
2. who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引导定语从句外，也可引导同位语从句。how, whether, what虽不能引导定语从句，却可引导同位语从句（参看：P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
区别：
A. 定语从句的引导词在意思上反映的是先行词的意思，而同位语从句的引导词在意思上和前面的词没有联系。
B. 在定语从句中，关系副词可以换为介词+关系代词，而引导同位语从句的连接副词却不能换为介词+连接代词的形式。
练习：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句：
1) That question whether we need it has not been considered.
2) I have no idea what has happened to him.
3) I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with it.
4) The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city
5) The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.
答案及解析：
1），2），3）是同位语从句，它们是在说明前面词的内容, whether, what和how不能引导定语从句。
4）是定语从句，where反映的是先行词的意思，可以换为in which.
5) 是同位语从句。从句是在说明decision的内容。when并没有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改为 at which time.
练习题:
1. 【2004上海春】Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
2. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
3. The news ____ he has been elected president of the
A. that B which C. what D. where
4. The news ____ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B when C. what D. where
5. 【2006重庆】Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class_____ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
6. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
7. Galileo collected the facts _____ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. 不填 D. A and B
8. Galileo discovered the fact _____ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. 不填 D. A and B
9. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
10. 【2012上海】There is much truth in the idea _ kindness is usually served by frankness.
A. why B. which C. that D. whether
一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。是并列句时要有and, so, but等并列连词或分号。是复合句时也要有连接词。总之，只用逗号而不用连接词简单的把两个主谓结构连接到一起的句子是错误的。
两个主谓结构在一起没有连词时，有四种改法。如：
I like English, my English is very good.×
I like English and my English is very good.√
As I like English, my English is very good. √
I like English; my English is good. √
I liking English, my English is good. √
<参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。>
（参看P11第11讲）
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词＋which”来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常只能由 where引导。
A. where; B where /on which
①Rice doesn‘t grow well __ there is not enough water
②I still remember the farm ___ my parents worked ten years ago．
答案：① A ② B
1. Sometimes the wagons had to be lifted or pulled up, ___ were no roads.
A. where B. where there C. in which
D. in which there 【D为什么不行？】
2. Go and get your coat. It’s ___ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where
D. where there 【 C为什么不行?】
3. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where
4. The house stood _____ there had been a rock.
A. which B. at which C. when
D. where【B. 为什么不行?】
5. .【2006四川】---Mom, what did your doctor say?
---He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher.
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
6. 【2006天津】If you are traveling ____ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
这里主要指such．．．as／that （参看P6考点3）
并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或分号连接，这时就不必再用关系词了；而定语从句中，关系词起着连接作用，不必要再用and, but，so等连词。
（参看 两个主谓结构时P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
A. them; B. they C. whom
①He has three daughters, none of ___ is an engineer.
②He has three daughters, but none of __ is a dancer.
③He has three daughters； _____ are doctors.
答案：①C ②A ③A
7. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
8. I have five friends, but none of _____ are businessmen.
A. that B. whom C. they D. them E. who
9. I have five friends ,_____ are businessmen.
A. that B. who C. they D. them
10. 【2012山东】Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series.
A. them B. that C. which D. what
11. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A．It B. As C. What D. That
12. _____ is reported in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. What D. That
13. ____ talks between the two countries are making progress is reported in the newspaper.
A. It B. As C. What D. That
14. ____ is reported in the newspaper is that talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. What D. That
15. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ___ were surprising.
A. as results B. which results
C. the results of it D. the results of which
16. The young mother saw her baby fall to the ground, ______ brought her heart to her mouth.
A. it B. and that C. and which D. that
17. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
A. that was what B. what was that
C. and which was D. which was what
18. They believed that the spirits are with the body of the dead person for three days; ___ there is always someone to stay with the dead person.
A. during this time B. during which time
C. during which D. during when
有关系词引导的定义从句要有完整的谓语，而独立主构结构则没有完整的谓语，且不需要连接词。
<参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。>
看下面两个题
①It was on the National Day___ she met with her separated sister.
A. that B. where C. when D. which
（选C可以吗？为什么？）
②When did you get to know him?
It was on the morning of May 1st _____ I was playing in the Park.
A. that B. when
在①中，如果选C，把后面看作定语从句，语法上也说得过去，是在她遇到与她分别的妹妹的那个国庆节，但什么是在这个国庆节？语义不完整。如果把when she met with her separated sister看作时间状语，把it看作表示时间，这样怎样？还是不行！需要把on去掉才行！【参看P错误！未定义书签。 错误！未找到引用源。】因此要选A，她遇到她分别的妹妹是在国庆节。这样语义就完整了。我们可以看出：
该用强调句型的如果用定语从句，语义不完整。
在②中，如果选A的话，则译为“我在公园玩是在五一的上午（而不是别的时间）”；这样，就是所答非所问了。选B的话，译为“是在我在公园玩的那个五一的上午”。因此答案为B。B可以看作后面省略了that I got to know him.
该用定语从句的，如果用按强调句型去理解，所答非所问。
19. 【2008全国II】It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
A. that B. how C. which D. when
20. It was on the National Day___ she met with her separated sister.
A. that B. where C. when D. which
21. It was evening _______we reached the little town of
A that B. until C. since D. before
22. It is our parents ____we depend on when we are in trouble.
A. who B. whom C. that D. 不填
23. 【2007 山东】—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm _________ we worked.
A. that B. there C. which D. where
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
①This is the article written by him that I spoke to you about..
②He was the only person in this country who was invited
1. 【2011福建】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
2. 【2011上海】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which B. where C. when D. as
3. 【2011天津】The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
4. 【2012浙江】Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _______, for some reason , had withdrawn from all human society.
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
5. 【2012江苏】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _____ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
考点2. one of, the one of, the only one of
one of 加名词复数 后跟定语从句时，先行词是前面名词复数，从句谓语用复数；
the one of/ the only one of加名词复数 后跟定语从句时，先行词是the one/the only one，从句谓语用单数。
①Tom is one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
②Tom is the only/very one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
③Tom is the one of the students who ______ good at playing football.
在①中，定语从句的先行词是the students, 这些学生都擅长踢足球，而Tom是他们中的一个, 因此who代指的是the students, 因此填are。
在②中，Tom就是那些学生中唯一擅长踢足球的那一个。擅长踢足球的只有一人，因此，who代指一个人，后面填is。此时，先行词是the one。此时，the one有两个定语，of the students和后面的定语从句。
第③句同第②句差不多。擅长踢足球的还是只有一人，因此，先行词是the one。
6. She is one of the few girls who _____ passed the examination.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
7. It is one of the best books_____.
A. that have ever been written
B. that has ever been written!
C. Which have been written
D. which has been written
8. Jack was the one of my classmates who ______ invited to attend the contest.
A. had B. have C. was D. were
9. This is the very one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
A. which was B. that was
C. which were D. that were
10. He is the only one of the students who ___ a winner of scholarship for 3years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
11. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, __ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
12. Her sister has become a lawyer, __ she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
13. Miss Smith is a strict but good teacher,___ often cares about our life and study at school.
A. one who B. whoever
C. the one D. the person
14. For Tim this was the beginning of a new life, ____ he thought he would never see.
A. what B. that C. one D. it
15. 【2010山东】Helping others is a habit, ________ you can learn even at an early age.
A. it B. that C. what D. one
考点4. Is this school the one与Is this the school
看下面两题：
1) Is this school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
2) Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
要简化难题，可把疑问句恢复成陈述句。在第一句中，恢复陈述句，is要放到school的后面。如果放到this的后面的话，就构成了this is school, 而school作为可数名词单数是不能单独使用的，前面要用冠词或物主代词或指示代词。（参看：P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
两题的答案：A D
16. Is this photo ___ you took on the Great Wall that day?
A. which B. what C. the one D. that
17. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
18. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which
19. Is this factory _____ color TV sets are produced.
A. where B. the one where C. that D. in which
20. This is the factory ____ produces colors TV sets.
A. where B. the one where C. that D. in which
1. 【2011安徽】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A. when B. which C. where D. while
2. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
3. Mr. John said that
A. that B. where C. which D. what
4. The school ______ my father teaches is a world-famous one, ___ was set up 100 years ago.
A. where；which B. which；which
C. /；where D. where；that
5. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
6. I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
7. Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way ___water waves spread on the water.
A. as B. that C. where D. in which
8. The time is not far away ___ modem communications will become widespread in
A. when B. before C. until D. as
9. This is the only one of the students whose performance ____ won a prize.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
10. 【2006山东】We're just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
11. I, ___your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am
12. The old man has two sons, ___are lawyers.
A. both of them B. both of who
C. both of whom D. both of they
13. Air, ___we breathe every day, is around us all the time.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
14. This is the museum ____we saw an exhibition the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
15. This museum is ___you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
16. This is the museum ___you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
17. It is the third time ___late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
18. We often think of the days ___we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
19. Have you ever been to
A. where B. which C. that D. when
20. He has left for
A. when B. where C. as D. which
21. This is the very place ___I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
22. I have bought the same dress ____she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
23. Can you solve such problems ___raised by the audience?
A. what were B. as were
C. that were D. which were
24. The reason ___he didn’t come was ____he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that
C. why, because D. that, that
25. He must be from
A. that B. as C. it D. what
26. His father died last year, ____made it impossible for him to go abroad.
A. when B. which C. as D. that
27. ___is natural, he married Mary.
A. It B. What C. Which D. As
28. The buses, ____were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. most of them B. most of which
C. which most D. that most
29. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
30. She showed me the dictionary ___she paid a lot of money.
A. by which B. to which
C. for which D. on which
写作专练1. as做关系代词很有用（参看P5考点1 ）
1. 他如此幽默以致我们都大笑起来。（his humor was such, burst into laughter）
2. 起初，我认为
3. 他不是一个把今天事拖到明天做这样的一个人。（such a man, put off…until tomorrow）
4. 我们应当读一些使我们明智的书。（such books as, wiser）
5. 在我生日那天，我收到了像母亲承诺的那样好的一件礼物。（receive as good a gift）
6. 我在他的书包里发现了我前几天丢的那只钢笔，这支笔是我朋友送给我的生日礼物。我怒不可遏了。（the same, a gift from, contain my anger）
写作专练2. as, which 引导非限制性定语从句（参看P10考点2 ）
1. 我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。（find somebody doing, take…to, ）
2. 正在一句谚语所说，" All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy." 如果没有一个强壮的身体，一个人会一事无成。（saying, a sound body, achieve）
3. 正在图表所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。（as is shown in the chart, the air quality）
4. 我在汉语演讲比赛中获一等奖，这我做梦也没有想到。（win the first prize, Chinese speech competition, beyond my wildest dreams.）
5. 在我国，许多学生上不起大学，李华就是这种情况，但这些人却花这么多钱买奢侈品。（can’t afford the fees to, as is the case with, waste money buying, luxury）
写作专练3. 使用非限制性定语从句，是写出长的高级句子的最常用的方法（参看P 10考点1）
1. 我们的学校，位于内乡西北角，有34年历史。（be located in, have a history of）
2. 我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。（in one’s thirties, devote oneself to）
3. 我们学校的领导，都年轻有为，他们也都是教学方面的专家，还经常到外地学习先进的教学和管理经验。(young and successful in their careers, expert, advanced theories in teaching and management)
4. 我们学校有四千多学生，大多数都能用心学习。(the majority of, put one’s heart into)
5. 我为我们的学校而感到自豪。在这里，如果我们好好学习的话，一定会考上名牌大学。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to)
写作专练4. 综合运用本章所学定语从句内容，翻译下列句子（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。 ）
1. 但是，现在许多公司关心的却是怎样挣到更多的钱，不管环境受到怎样的破坏。（However, all, care about, make money, no matter how seriously, the environment，damage）
2. 我的家乡已不再是十年前的那个小村庄了，那时到处都是破旧房子，人们食不果腹。（My hometown, the little village, when, worn old houses, hardly feed themselves）
3. 那个小学的许多学生，他们的父母远在大城市打工，不得不由他们的祖父母照看，而他们的祖父母许多连自己都照顾不了了。（primary school, whose parents, work as migrant workers, be taken care of, grandparents）
4. 他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的学生。（the only one, win the first prize, in a row）
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