在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式。
动名词：具有名词功能，常在句中作：主语，宾语；作定语时表功能；
现在分词: 表主动和正在进行, 常在句中作： 定语， 状语，宾补；
过去分词：被动和已完成，常在句中作：定语，状语，补语；
动词不定式：表将来具体某一次，常在句中作； 主语；定语，状语，补语，宾语等。
要学好非谓语，掌握它们的本身属性很关键
动词原形是不能作主语的。动词作主语时，如果侧重于表示经常性，在动词后面加ing构成动名词来做主语；如果侧重于表示将来特定的某一次，则用动词不定式来做主语。
Playing basketball is my favorite sport.
(“打篮球”指经常性，因此用动名词。)
To go to a key college is his dream.
(“上名牌大学”指特定的将来的某一次，用不定式)
有时为了对称，主语，宾语（或表语）要么都用不定时，要么都用动名词。
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
1. ___ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
2. _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
3. To answer correctly is more important than _____.
A. that you finish quickly B. finishing quickly
C. to finish quickly D. finish quickly
4. __________ now seems impossible.
A. Saving money B. To save money
C. Being saved money D. To be saved money
5. 【2009四川】He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion
A. to have B. having C. have D. had
考点2. what在问句中作主语时，常用动名词短语来回答
6. What do you think made Mary so upset?
_______ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because of losing
写作专练1. 正确选择不定式或动名词做主语(P29 )
作主语用动词不定式还是动名词主要是看主语表示的动作是将来还是经常性；
作宾语用动词不定式还是动名词主要是看谓语动词的搭配。
这类及物动词常见的有：
agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , afford 付得起 agree 同意 ask 要求apply 申请care (想要) , choose (决定、要) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , help 帮助expect (期望) , fail (未能) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , manage (设法) , offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算) , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , wish (希望) , promise (答应)，want（想要）等等。
1. We asked ___ to work in the countryside.
A. to be sent B. to send
C. to be sending D. sending
2. 【2010江西】There were many talented actors out there just waiting .
A. to discover B. to be discovered
C. discovered D. being discovered
3. I expected __________ your friend, but my car broke down on the way.
A. I’ll meet B. meeting
C. to meeting D. to meet
4. She told me that she had decided __________ again.
A. be not late B. not be late
C. not to be late D. to be not late
5. Almost everyone fails __________ on the first try.
A. in passing his driver’s test
B. to pass his driver’s test
C. to have passed his driver’s test
D. passing his driver’s test
6. The two weavers pretended __________ very hard, though they did nothing at the looms.
A. work B. working
C. to be worked D. to be working
7. When he got off the train, it happened __________.
A. to rain B. to be raining
C. raining D. to raining
8. I didn’t __________ it until you had explained how.
A. manage to do B. managed to do
C. manage to have done D. manage doing
9. The young driver offered _________ the patient out of the car.
A. to hand B. handing C. hands D. would hand
10. The white horse refused __________ the stone wall.
A. its jumping B. to jump
C. jumping up D. to jump at
下列动词习惯上可接动名词作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语：
admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 appreciate 感激avoid 避免 consider 考虑delay 推迟 deny 否认discuss 讨论dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止forgive 原谅give up 放弃imagine 想象keep 保持mention 提及mind 介意 miss 没赶上pardon 原谅permit 允许 practice 练习prevent 阻止prohibit 禁止 put off 推迟 risk 冒险stop 停止suggest 建议feel like想做某事
11. I would appreciate __________ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
12. She enjoys __________ light music.
A. to hear B. hearing C. listening to D. to listen to
13. You can keep the book until you __________.
A. have finished reading B. finish to read
C. will finish reading D. have finished to read
14. Ali said that she wouldn’t mind _________ alone at home.
A. left B. being left C. to be left D. leaving
15. If you keep __________ English, you can learn English well.
A. practicing speak B. practicing speaking
C. practicing to speak D. to practise spoken
16. We are considering _________ a new plan.
A. making B. being made
C. to make D. to have made
17. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed __________.
A. catching B. to be caught
C. being caught D. to catch
18. Can you imagine yourself __________ on a desert island?
A. staying B. stay C. have stayed D. being stayed
19. We can understand why he avoids __________ to us.
A. to speak B. speech
C. having spoken D. speaking
20. Please excuse my _________ in without _________.
A. come, asking B. coming, asking
C. to come, being asked D. coming, being asked
21. Why have they delayed __________ the new school?
A. opening B. to open
C. having opened D. to have opened
22. She __________ the key.
A. admited taking B. admitted take
C. admitted having taken D. admitted to have taken
23. 【2008上海春】As a new driver, I have to practice _________ the car in my small garage again and again
A. parking B. to park C. parked D. park
24. 【2009上海】Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
A. having held B. to hold
C. holding D. hold
25. 【2011四川】Lydia doesn’t feel like_____ abroad. Her parents are old.
A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study
forget/remember doing/having done跟动名词作宾语，
记得还是忘了以前曾经做的事
forget/remember to do还未做
regret doing sth. 对做过的某事表示后悔
regret to say, 很抱歉的说
mean to do, 打算作某事；mean doing, 意味着
try to do , 尽力作某事；try doing, 尝试着作某事
want / need/ require doing sth, 表示被动
等于want/need/require to be done
like/ hate doing, 经常性的
like/ hate to do, 特定的某一次
be/get used to doing 习惯于做某事
used to do 过去经常做某事
be used to do被用来做
can’t help doing=can’t help but do 忍不住做某事
can’t help ( to) do 不能帮助做某事
stop doing 停止正在做着的某事
stop to do停下来做别的事情(to do是目的状语)
go on doing继续做原来做的事
go on to do接着干别的事情
26. Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening.
A to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
27. ---“Did you close the door?” ---“Yes, I remember __________ it.”
A. to close B. to closing C. closing D. closed
28. 【2012安徽】I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A. locking B. to lock
C. having locked D. to have locked
29. I’m sorry I forgot _______ your dictionary. Let’s borrow one from Li Ming.
A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing
30. Henry always forgets things he has done. Yesterday he forgot __________ and looked for it everywhere.
A. to post the letter B. to have the letter posted
C. to have posted the letter
D. having posted the letter
31. My brother regretted __________ a lecture given by Professor Liu.
A. missing B. to miss C. missed D. being missed
32. I regret __________ you that we are unable to offer you a job.
A. informing B. having informed
C. to inform D. to informing
33. I felt tired with walking, so I stopped __________ a break for an hour.
A. having B. to have C. taking D. to taking
34. The teacher told the students to stop __________ to him.
A. to write and listen B. writing and listening
C. to write and listening D. writing and to listen
35. ---I usually go there by train.
---Why not ____ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go
C. to try and go D. try going
36. 【2008湖南】Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _____ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.
A. living B. to live
C. to be living D. having lived
37. You didn’t hear us come in last night. That’s good. We tried ____ noisy.
A. to be not B. not to be
C. not being D. being not
38. The grass has grown so tall that it needs _________.
A. to cut B. to be cut it C. cutting D. being cut
39. There are lots of places of interest ____ in our city.
A. needs repairing B. needing repaired
C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired
40. These young trees require __________ carefully.
A. looking after B. to look after
C. to be looked at D. looking for
41. The sentence wants __________ once more.
A. to explain B. explaining
C. being explained D. to be explained it
42. He hasn’t got used ______ in the countryside yet.
A. live B. to live C. to living D. living
43. A very well-known person __________ in this house.
A. is used to live B. used to live
C. is used to living D. used to living
44. Missing the train means __________ for an hour.
A. to wait B. to be waited
C. being waited D. waiting
45. I meant __________ you, but I was so busy.
A. to call on B. calling on
C. to call at D. calling at
46. I know it’s not important, but I can’t help _ about it
A. to think B. and think
C. thinking D. being thought
47. I’m busy ___ for the entrance examination, so I can’t help __ housework
A. preparing, doing B. preparing, to do
C. to prepare, doing D. to prepare, to do
考点4. except, but后跟不定式时，如果前面有实意动词do的形式，不用to, 否则要带to
48. There is nothing to do except ___ till it stops raining.
A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waits
49. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but ___ the flowing of the smog around me. A. enjoy B. enjoying C. enjoyed D. to enjoy
50. It remains _____ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
51. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
52. 【2012北京】One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting
53. 【2012福建】China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ______in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked
C. being attacked D. having been attacked
考点7. 含有用作介词to的常考短语
1. be addicted to 沉溺于；对…上瘾
He is addicted to gambling.他沉溺于赌博。
2. devote oneself to doing sth./be devoted to
献身于做某事/专心致力于做某事把…
She devoted herself to helping the poor.
她致力于帮助穷人。
Charlie devotes his time to reading.
查理的时间都用于读书。
Her life was devoted to caring for the sick and needy.
她一生都致力于关心照顾贫病交迫的人。
3. be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事
This is equal to saying that he knows her well. 这就等于说他很熟悉她。
She didn’t feel equal to receiving visitors. 她感到身体不适,不能会客。
4. object to doing sth 反对做某事,
have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事
He objected to being treated like a child.
他反对被当作小孩子看待。
He has a strong objection to getting up so early.他很反感这么早就起床。
5. be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
She seems very much opposed to your going abroad.
她好像很反对你出国。
I’m opposed to telling him the news at once. 我反对马上告诉他这个消息。
6. reduce sb. to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
Hunger reduced them to stealing.
饥饿使他们沦落为盗贼。
He was reduced to begging for food.
最后他沦为乞丐。
7. pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
We should pay more attention to uniting and working with the comrades who differ with us.
我们应该更注意团结那些与自己意见不同的同志工作。
8. be used to doing sth/
be accustomed to doing 习惯于做某事
John has got used to sleeping late.
约翰已习惯很晚睡觉了。
I am not accustomed to being treated like this.我不习惯被这样对待。
9. get down to doing sth开始做某事，认真处理某事
It’s time we got down to some serious work.
我们该认真干点正事了
After lunch we got down to discussing the issue of pay.
午餐之后,我们开始认真讨论报酬的问题。
10. look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
We are looking forward to receiving his letter.
我们盼望收到他的回信。
I look forward to hearing from you.
盼早日收到你的来信。
11. come /be near/close to doing sth
几乎做某事,差点就做某事
I was near to screaming. 我险些喊叫起来。
I came near to forgetting my raincoat. 我差点把雨衣给忘了。
We had an outstanding season and came so close to winning the title again.
12. in addition to doing sth 除做某事之外
In addition to giving me some advice, he gave me some money.
他不仅给我提了些忠告,而且还给了我一些钱。
13. key to doing sth 做某事的关键
Yet transportation is the key to getting this food to the children and their families.
交通是把这事物送给那些孩子和他们家人的关键。
14. make contributions to对…作贡献
Everyone should make a contribution to protecting the environment.
每一个人都应当对保护环境做出贡献。
15. when it comes to… 谈到……时
There is no shortage of ideas when it comes to improving the education of children.
当谈及改善孩子教育时，是不缺乏主意的。
写作专练2. 掌握后面跟不定式做宾语和后面跟动名词做宾语的常用动词及to做介词(P30 )
表示将来某一次时常用动词不定式作表语，表示经常性时常用动名词作表语。
1. Her wish is __________ an engineer.
A. becoming B. become
C. to become D. being come
2. Some people’s greatest pleasure is __________.
A. fishing B. to fish
C. to be fishing D. being fish
考点2. 动词不定式作表语时，to的省略问题
动词不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to
3. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was ___ the joy with all the Chinese.
A. share B. shared
C. having shared D. about to share
4. I think the best thing you should do is _________ another job.
A. looking for B. looked for
C. look for D. about to look for
动名词作表语时是说明主语的职责和功能等，和主语是对等关系，没有正在进行之意， 而现在分词有正在进行之意
如：My job is looking after the children.
(looking 为动名词)
He is looking after the baby. (looking 为现在分词)
考点4. 现在分词和过去分词作表语时相当于-ed形容词和-ing形容词
-ing 形容词，令人。。。的；-ed形容词，令人感到。。。的，有被动意味。（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
5. Tom sounds very much in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it．
A. interested B. interesting
C. interestingly D. interestedly
6. Climbing mountains was ______ ,so we all felt ______ .
A. tiring; tired B. tired; tiring
C. tiring; tiring D. tired; tired
7. We must treasure every minute because ___ time is ___ forever.
A. lost, losing B. lost, lost
C. losing, losing D. losing, lost
8. Please remain until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A．to seal B．to be seated C．seating D．seated
考点5. be to blame应为某事负责（参看P7考点4.④）
The careless driver was to blame for the accident.
那个粗心的司机应为这场事故负责。
写作专练3. 非谓语做表语时应注意(P30 )
现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式和动名词都可作定语。一般不用非谓语的完成式作定语。
考点1. 现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式作定语时，看与所修饰词之间的关系
如果构成主动关系，（有时还表正在进行）用现在分词；
如果构成被动关系，（已完成），用过去分词；
表将来特定某一次，用动词不定式。
【主动关系和被动关系：参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。】
1. The little boy still needs the ___ 20 dollars to do with some things __.
A. remaining, remained to be settled
B. remaining, remaining to be settled.
C. remained, remained to settle
D. remained, remaining to settle
2. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
3. The bell ___ the end of the period rang, _____ our heated discussion.
A. indicating, interrupting B. indicated, interrupting
C. indicating, interrupted D. indicated, interrupted
4. Tigers ___ meat-eating animals ___ meat.
A. belonged to, fed on B. belonging to, feed on
C. belonging to, feeding on
D. belonged to, feeding on
5. --Haven’t you seen the sign ___ “NO PHOTO”?
--I’m sorry I didn’t.
A. reads B. to read C. read D. reading
6. 【2009湖南】At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, ______ in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future.
A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering
C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered
7. 【2010浙江】The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ________ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A. being weighed B. to weigh
C. weighed D. weighing
8. 【2011全国I】The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen
9. 【2011江西】On receiving a phone call from his wife _____ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from office.
A. says B. said C. saying D. to say
10. 【2011江苏】Recently a survey _____ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing
C. compares D. being compared
11. 【2011山东】Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house.
A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead
12. 【2012湖南】The lecture, _____at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A. starting B. being started
C. to start D. to be started
13. 【2012上海】"Genius" is a complicated concept, _ _ many different factors.
A. involved B. involving
C. to involve D. being involved
14. “Things _________ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A．lost B．losing C．to lose D．have lost
15. The wallet ________ several days ago was found ______ in the dustbin outside the building.
A. stolen; hiding B. stealing; hidden
C. to be stolen; hiding D. stolen; hidden
16. 【2009全国I】Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ？
A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take
17. 【2012山东】After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________.
A. providing B. provided
C. having provided D. provide
18. 【2010北京】I'm calling to enquire about the position ________ in yesterday's China Daily.
A. advertised B. to be advertise
C. advertising D. having advertised
19. 【2010湖南】So far nobody has claimed the money ________ in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered
C. discovering D. having discovered
20. 【2010四川】A great number of students said they were forced to practice the piano.
A. to question B. to be questioned
C. questioned D. questioning
21. 【2011全国II】The island, ______ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.
A. joining B. to join
C. joined D. having joined
22. 【2011湖南】The players ______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .
A. selecting B. to select
C. selected D. having selected
23. 【2012浙江】" It's such a nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers.
A. to be reserved B. having reserved
C. reserving D. reserved
24. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ____ .
A. to send B. for sending it
C. to send it to D. for sending it to
25. 【2009安徽】The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture．
A．produced B．being produced
C．to be produced D．having been produced
26. 【2012重庆】We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made
考点2. the way后面常用不定式做定语
（链接the way to help him=the way of helping him; on one’s way home, on one’s way to school ）
27. That’s the best way you thought of ___ into the dangerous area.
A. stopping people getting
B. to keep people getting
C. preventing people from getting
D. to stop people getting
考点3. 名词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语
也包括被the next, the last, the only, the very等限定词时词。
He is the oldest actor ever to win an Oscar.
他是获得奥斯卡年龄最大的演员。
It is named after the only man to ever play for both the Lions and
(该奖杯)由唯一一个先后代表过狮子队和澳大利亚队比赛的运动员命名。
She was labeled as one of the most beautiful women to ever hit modeling. http://dict.youdao.com/example/to_ever/ - #
她被认为是有史以来模特界最漂亮的女人之一。
28. He loves parties. He is always the first _____and the last __________.
A. coming; leaving B. to come; to leave
C. comes; leaves D. come; leave
29. 【2008全国1】---The last one ___ pays the meal.
---Agreed!
A．arrived B．arrives C．to arrive D．arriving
不定式和所修饰词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且句中有动作的执行者时，用主动式。此时，动词不定式要有及物性，且不用被动语态
30. I’m not sure which restaurant ___________.
A. to eat on B. eating at C. to eat at D. for eating
31. Will you please tell me why you had no pen ____ in class?
A. to have written B. to be written with
C. to have been written D. to write with
32. I am very busy. I have a very difficult problem ______ .
A. to work B. to work out
C. to be worked out D. to work it out
33. 【2010山东】I have a lot of readings _________ before the end of this term.
A. completing B. to complete
C. completed D. being completed
② 句中没有动作执行者时，动词不定式用被动式
34. It is one of the important problems ______ tomorrow.
A. to solve B. to be solved
C. solved D. solving
35. Harry can’t attend the party ___ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party ___ at Marie’s house tomorrow.
A. held; being held B. to be held; to be held
C. to be held; held D. being held; to be held
36. 【2010陕西】His first book ________ next month is based on a true story.
A. published B. to be published
C. to publish D. being published
37. 【2012重庆】We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made
38. I’m going to the supermarket. Have you got anything _________?
A. bought B. to be bought
C. to buy D. being bought
39. I’ll go back to our hometown tomorrow. Have you got anything ____ to your parents?
No, thank you. I’ll be back in a few days.
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taken
40. “Do you have any clothes __________ today?” the maid asked.
A. to wash B. to be washed C. wash D. be washed
④ ( be ) To blame应为某事负责，不用被动
41. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ____.
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
42. The mother didn’t know who ___ for the broken glass.
A. blamed B. would blame
C. to blame D. be blamed
43. The policy is partly ___ for causing the worst unemployment in
A. to be blamed B. to blame
C. being blamed D. blaming
不定式作定语，一般都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。
① 主谓关系：被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。如：
We need someone to help with the project. （someone will help with the project）
我们需要有人来帮忙干这个工程。
② 动宾关系：被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。如：
I have many assignments to do. （to do assignments）我有许多作业要做。
③ 同位关系：不定式与所修饰的名词指的是一回事。
We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng. 我们制定了一个向雷锋学习的计划。
④ 状语关系：被修饰的名词实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间等。这些名词多是抽象名词。如：
That's the way to do it. （to do it in the way） 那样做才对。
I have no time to go there. (to go there in the time) 我没有时间去那儿。
44. 【2012北京】Birds’ singing is sometimes is a warning to other birds ______ away.
A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay
45. 【2011湖南】The ability _____an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A. expressing B. expressed
C. to express D. to be expressed
动名词表功能：
a walking stick拐杖 drinking water饮用水
a sleeping bag睡袋 a living room起居室
现在分词表正在进行：
a walking man正在走路的人
a sleeping baby正在睡觉的婴儿
a living plant活着的植物
考点7. done与being done做定语时的区别
<链接：P11考点8>
过去分词做（done）做定语表被动和已完成；现在分词的被动式（being done）做定语表被动和正在进行。
The house built last year was pulled down last week.
去年建的那座房子上周拆除了。
The house being built now will be completed next month.正在建的这座房子将在下个月完工。
46. 【2012上海】The club, _ _ 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members.
A. founded B. founding
C. being founded D. to be founded
47. 【2009北京】For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ___ on his own farm.
A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow
48. Harry can’t attend the party ___ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party ___ at Marie’s house tomorrow.
A. held, being held B. to be held, to be held
C. to be held, held D. being held, to be held
49. ______ his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ______ then.
A. Holding; being held B. Held; holding
C. Having held; held D. Held; to be held
写作专练4. 用好非谓语做定语(P31 )
English is hard to learn.英语难学。
前面是主系表结构，后面是不定式，不定式to learn的逻辑宾语是句子的主语（反射到句子的主语上），此时，不定式用主动，要具有及物性且不带宾语
注：“too…to…太…而不能”也可以看作反射不定式。
The water is too hot to drink.
（The water is too hot.主系表结构，drink的宾语是句子的主语。)
1. I find these problems are easy _____.
A. to be worked out B. to work them out
C. to work out D. to be worked them out
2. 【2008全国I】I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ___.
A. to be breathed B. to breathe
C. breathing D. being breathed
3. 【2010四川】In many people’s opinion，that company though relatively small，is pleasant ．
A. to deal with B. dealing with
C. to be dealt with D. dealt with
4. 【2011安徽】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _____ into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
5. 【2011福建】The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ____.
A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
6. 【2012辽宁】This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A. operating B. to be operating
C. operated D. to operate
写作专练5. 正确使用反射不定式(P31)
非谓语作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系。
和句子主语构成主动关系时，用现在分词作状语，如：
1) “You can’t catch me!” Jane shouted, _______ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
和句子主语构成被动关系时，用过去分词作状语，如：
2) ____ to hospital in time, the wounded soldiers were saved at last.
A. Taken B. Taking
C. Having taken D. Being taken
表示“为了…”，常用不等式作状语，这时，状语动词动作发生时间与句子谓语动作时间相比，是将来，如：
3) ___ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
分析：
例1. run与shout是同时的，又是主动，选B
例2 take和句子主语构成被动关系，因此选A
例3 和句子主语构成主动，又有 “为了”之意，选A
考点1. 伴随状语
现在分词作状语表伴随，动作和谓语动词的动作同时进行
并列谓语多有and等词连接；一个主谓结构中，两个动词间没有并列连词时，多把一个变为状语。如：
①She shouted out and _____（run）away.
②She shouted out, _____（run）away.
解析：在①中，有并列连词and, 后面是并列谓语，填ran。在②中，两个动词间没有and, shouted是谓语，后面run就要用非谓语形式，由于是主动，所以用现在分词，在这里是表伴随。
1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ___ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
2. 【2010四川】The lawyer listened with full attention, ____to miss any point．
A. not trying B. trying not
C. to try D. not to try
3. 【2008辽宁】He was busy writing a story, only ______ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping
C. to have stopped D. having stopped
4. 【2011湖南】Do you wake up every morning __________ energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
5. 【2012 陕西】______ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
过去分词作状语表伴随时，某种程度上相当于形容词作状语，表示主语所处的状态
7. 【2010全国2】Though to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A. surprising B. was surprising
C. surprised D. being surprised
8. Last night, I saw Yang Weiwei lying in bed, ___ in deep thought.
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. being lost
9. He went to bed _____ . The next morning he woke up only ____ himself lying on the floor.
A. drinking ; to find B. drunk ; to find
C. being drunk ; finding D. to drink ; finding
10. He sat on the platform, ________ to answer the question.
A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. to prepare
11. 【2010北京】 at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked
12. 【2010上海】________ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached
C. To approach D. To be approached
13. 【2011天津】______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated
C. To translate D. Having translated
现在分词作结果状语时，表示一种自然的结果
动词不定式作结果状语，表示一种出乎意料的结果
14. 【2010天津】It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused
C. causing D. to cause
15. 【2009上海】A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board.
16. 【2011陕西】More highways have been built in China, ___________it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
17. 【2012天津】He got up late and hurried to his office, ____the breakfast untouched.
A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left
18. 【2010江苏】The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, ________the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enabling B. having enabled
C. to enable D. to have enabled
19. 【2012山东】George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him.
A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told
20. 【2012四川】Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _____ his plane high up in the sky.
A. finding B. to find
C. being found D. to have found
现在分词作状语和句子主语构成主动关系，
过去分词作状语和句子主语构成被动关系，
动词不定式可以放在表语的后面，表原因。
如：I’m sorry to hear that. I’m pleased to see you again.
【主动关系和被动关系：参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。】
21. ____ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale .
A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. Having tasted
22. ___ dirty, the classroom needs _____.
A. being looked, cleaning B. looking, cleaning
C. looked, cleaning D. looking, cleaned
23. ______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A．Driven B．Being driven
C．To drive D．Having driven
24. 【2009天津】_____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
25. ___ with a difficult situation,
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
26. 【2008浙江】____that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize
C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
27. 【2012福建】Pressed from his parents，and _____that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized
28. 【2012全国Ⅱ】The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy ___ anything that happened to be on.
A. to watch B. watching
C. watched D. to have watched
29. 【2010辽宁】We were astonished _______ the temple still in its original condition.
A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found
和句子主语构成主动关系，用现在分词作状语
和句子主语构成被动关系，用过去分词作状语
30. ____ great help, I could get rid of all the difficulty and succeeded.
A. Being offered B. Offered
C. Having offered D. to be offered
31. _____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
32. 【2010陕西】_________ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees .
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see
33. 【2012湖南】Time, ________ correctly, is money in the bank.
A. to use B. used C. using D. use
34. 【2012江苏】____ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
动词不定式常作目的状语
35. 【2009北京】All of them try to use the power of the workstation ___ information in a more effective way.
A. presenting B. presented
C. being presented D. to present
36. 【2011浙江】If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters.
A. being cheered B. be cheered
C. to be cheered D. were cheered
37. 【2011重庆】More TV programs, according to government to officials, will be produced _______people’s concern over food safety.
A. to raise B. raising
C. to have raised D. having raised
The secretary worked all night long, ____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. prepared D. was preparing
许多同学会选择A，认为目的是“为了准备演讲稿”。这说明概念还不清。
现在分词表伴随时，其动作和谓语动作是同时进行的。而动词不定式作目的状语时，通常译作“为了”，为了达到不定式所表达的目的，先做句子谓语的动作。也就是说，两个动作有先后，先有谓语动作，后有动词不定式的动作。
She got up early that morning to get there on time. (先早起，后按时到达)
He works very hard to catch up with others.(先努力学习，后赶上别人)
而在上题中，整夜工作和准备演讲稿是同时进行的，因此选择B，现在分词。如果选择A的话，便容易误解为“先工作了一整夜，然后才准备演讲稿”
38. 【2010福建】Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
A. sending B. to send
C. having sent D. to have sent
39. I explained the theory as clearly as possible, ____ to make it easy _____ .
A. hope ; to understand B. hoped ; understood
C. hoping ; to understand
D. to hope ; to be understood
40. 【2012全国Ⅱ】Tony lent me the money, ___ that I’d do as much for him.
A. hoping B. to hope
C. hoped D. having hoped
考点8. 做状语用done还是being done
<链接P8考点7 >
______ by a group of teenagers, the old man was telling an old story.
A. Surrounded B. Being surrounded
许多同学选B，也许是因为认为be done表示被动吧。实际上，过去分词本身就能表被动。在这里老人被孩子们围着，选A。在做状语时，如果不是刻意强调动作正在发生，很少用being done, 因为being done是现在分词的被动式，往往表示正在进行的动作。在这里选B的话，会给人一种孩子们正在包围老人的感觉。比较：
Being struck by the heavy storm, they felt helpless.
受到暴雨袭击，他们感到很无助。（正在袭击）
41. ______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven B. Being driven
C.To drive D. Having driven
42. 【2009天津】_____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
43. ____ great help, I could get rid of all the difficulty and succeeded.
A. Being offered B. Offered
C. Having offered D. to be offered
考点9. so as to, so…as to, such as to与in order to
① So as to 不能用于句首，而in order to可以用于句首也可用于句末
为了按时到达那里，他很早就起床。
In order to get there on time, he got up early.√
=He got up early in order to get there on time.√
He got up early so as to get there on time. √
So as to get there on time, he got up early.×
② so as to和in order to都可以在to前加not构成否定句
为了不错过那趟火车，他很早就起床。
In order not to miss the train, he got up early.
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
He got up early so as not to miss the train.
③ so…as to与such…as to
He got up so early as to get there on time.他起床如此早，以致于他按时到达那里。
She was such a beautiful as to attract many boys’ attention.她如此美丽，吸引了许多男孩的注意力。
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了
④ such as to
such可以单独作表语，而so不可以。
His humor was such as to make all the people burst into laughter. √His humor was so as to make all the people burst into laughter.×
⑤ in order to可以与in order that相转换
He got up early in order to get there on time.
He got up early in order that he could get there on time.
⑥ so as to, so…as to, such…as to, such as to可以与so that, so…that, such…that, , such that相转换。（也就是把as to…换为that 引导的从句）
He got up early so as to get there on time.
=He got up early so that he could get there on time.
He got up so early as to get there on time.
=He got up so early that he could get there on time.
He was such a clever boy as to pass the exam easily.
=He was such a clever boy that he passed the exam easily.
His humor was such as to make all the people burst into laughter.
= His humor was such that he made all the people burst into laughter.
44. All these gifts must be mailed immediately ____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
45. If John doesn’t come to work on time, he may be fired.
Surely he isn’t so foolish ____ that.
A. as not to realize B. as not realizing
C. that doesn’t realize D. as to realize
46. 【1982全国】Would you be ________to step this way, please?
A. too kind B. so kind
C. so kind as D. as kind as
47. 【2008江西】My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.
A. so as to B. such as to
C. such that D. so that
48. 【2008全国】The weather was ______ cold that I didn’t like to leave my room.
A. really B. such C. too D. so
考点10. have trouble/a problem/difficulty/fun (in) doing句式
Have difficulty/trouble/a problem/ a good time/a bad time in doing something 中in 可以省略，此时doing为现在分词，相当于时间状语
49. You can never imagine what difficulty I had ____ your house.
A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding
50. Whatever trouble Mr. White had ___ with the case, he would stick to his own opinion.
A. deal B. to deal C. dealt D. dealing
51. 【2012上海】When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble the right things to say.
A. thinking of B. to think of
C. thought of D. think of
52. 【2008四川】We had an anxious couple of weeks _____ for the results of the experiment.
A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting
53. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ____ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
54. 【2008山东】Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
55. 【2009辽宁】When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back
A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded
非谓语动词作补语时，用哪种形式，有时要看宾补与句子宾语之间的关系，有时要看谓语动词的用法。
1. The traffic problem we are looking forward to seeing__ should have attracted the local government’s attention .
A. solving B. solved C. to solve D. solve
2. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
3. It was only the father, not all the family member, that the police decided to get ____ of the accident.
A. informed B. inform
C. to be informed D. to inform
4. ____ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself ____ at the party.
A. Dressed, noticed B. Dressing, noticing
C. Dressed, noticing D. Dressing, noticed
5. I saw some villagers ______ on the bench at the end of the room.
A. seating B. seat C. seated D. seated themselves
6. 【2011浙江】Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words.
A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost
7. 【2011重庆】Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ of his own dreams.
A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind
8. 【2012四川】Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____.
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash
catch somebody doing something逮住某人做某事
Leave somebody doing something
Find somebody doing something
Keep somebody doing something
9. Don’t leave the water _____ while you brush your teeth.
A. to run B. running C. runs D. ran
10. Why did you go back to the shop?
They walked off and left me ____ there.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
11. The teacher scolded the boy caught ____ in the examination.
A. cheating B. to have cheated
C. to cheat D. to be cheating
12. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ____ in the kitchen.
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
13. 【2009全国II】They use computers to keep the traffic ______ smoothly.
A. being run B. run C. to run D. running
I. 一感二听看有五，let, make, have后面宾补不带to
即：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, notice, look at，后面对宾补不带to。
不过感官动词后也可跟现在分词作宾语，表示看到听到时动作正在进行；跟省略to 的不定式作宾补时，强调看到听到了整个过程或强调是事实
I saw him run into the building. (整个过程或事实)
just then, I heard someone calling for help.
(正在进行)
①Do you often hear John _______ in his room?
Yes, listen, now we can hear him ____ in his room.
A. singing, singing B. sing, singing
C. singing, sing D. sing, sing
②They knew her very well. They had seen her ____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. growing D. to grow
在①中，选B，用often侧重事实；
在②中，选A, 强调看着长大的事实。
14. I held the little bird in my hand and felt its heart __________.
A. jumping B. beating C. bumping D. knocking
15. In class you should listen to Miss Gao ___ English.
A to speak B. speak C. speaks D. spoke
16. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice ___ him.
A．calling B．called C．being called D．to call
17. Seeing the sun ___ above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.
A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D. raising
18. I smell something __________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning B. burnt
C. being burnt D. to be burnt
19. The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.
A. to play B. play C. to be playing D. playing
20. Did you notice the little boy __________ away?
A. took the candy and run
B. take the candy and run
C. taking the candy and run
D. who taking the candy running
21. My parents have always made me ______ about myself, even when I was twelve.
A. feeling well B. feeling good
C. feel well D. feel good
22. A computer does only what thinking people _____.
A. have it do B. have it done
C. have done it D. having it done
23. Whom would you rather ______ the work?
A. to have to do B. to have do
C. have to do D. have do
24. 【2008全国】The director had her assistant ___ some hot dogs for the meeting.
A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up
25. 【2010湖南】Listen! Do you hear someone
for help?
A. calling B. call C. to call D. called
II. 常用带to 的不定式做宾补的动词
Want/ would like/ask/tell/get somebody to do something
26. I’d like my child _______ in a school of high quality.
A. educating B. to educate
C. to be educated D. being educated
27. There was a famous person at the party whom everyone would like ___ to themselves.
A. to introduce B. to be introduced
C. introducing D. being introduced
28. The teacher asked more ___ to prevent the student’s eyes from being injured.
A. to do B. done C. to be done D. being done
29. Mr. Brown, whom I couldn’t get ____ my offer, always liked doing things on his own.
A. to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted
30. Joe wishes us __________ with him.
A. to go along B. going along
C. went along D. will go along
31. It is master Wu who taught us __________ the machine.
A. what to do with B. ran
C. how to run D. how could run
32. He ordered the room __________.
A. to sweep B. to be swept C. should sweep D. swept
III. Help 后面宾补可以带to也可不带to
(其后直接跟宾语时，带to不带to均可)
She often helps her mother ( to) do house work.
She often helps ( to) do house work.
IV. 作宾补时主动语态中不带to的, 在变为被动语态时要带to
33. He was often listened ______ in the next room.
A. sing B. sung C. to sing D. to to sing
34. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
35. . The airplane was noticed __________ at six.
A. take off B. to take off C. get off D. to get off
考点4. have 后宾补的几种情况
Have somebody do something 让某人做某事
Have somebody doing something让某人一直做某事
Have something done请别人做某事
36. Why do you have the water __________ all the time?
A. ran B. to be running
C. running D. being running
37. 【2008上海春】If we have illegal immigrants
_____ in, many local workers will lose their jobs
A. came B. coming C. to come D. having come
38. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ____ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
39. Mr. Smith was much surprised to find the watch he had had ___was nowhere to be seen.
A. repairing B. it repaired
C. repaired D. to be repaired
40. Who did the teacher have ___ an article for the wall newspaper just now?
A. writing B. write C. to write D. written
41. 【2011陕西】Claire had luggage _______ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked
考点5. forbid, require, advise, recommend, allow, permit, 跟动名词做宾语，不定式做宾补
① The instructor advised checking the "Advanced Settings" option.
The instructor advised me to check the "Advanced Settings" option.
② They don't allow smoking in this restaurant.
They don't allow people to smoke in this restaurant.
③ They don't permit smoking in this restaurant.
They don't permit people to smoke in this restaurant.
④ The authorities forbade entering the park because of a bush fire.
The authorities forbade us to enter the park because of a bush fire.
⑤ The worker recommended buying a new water heater.
The worker recommended me to buy a new water heater.
⑥ The project requires spending $
The project required us to work in groups.
42. 【2012上海】As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed into the sports club.
A. going B. to go C. go D. gone
43. Sorry, we don’t allow __________ in the lecture room.
A. to smoke B. smoke
C. smoking D. to smoking
44. The police forbid __________ here.
A. park B. parking C. to park D. to be parked
45. The heavy rain forbade me __________ to school.
A. from my coming B. to come
C. come D. my coming
46. 【2011天津】Passengers are permitted _____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A. to carry B. carrying
C. to be carried D. being carried
47. They don’t permit __________ noise here.
A. to make B. make C. making D. made
写作专练7. 注意宾语补足语的形式(P32)
把非谓语的动作发生的时间和谓语的动作发生时间相比较，如果非谓语的动作先于谓语动作发生时，非谓语用完成式。非谓语用完成式还是一般式，与谓语本身是什么时态无关。如：
①He is reported to have been killed in the accident.
②He was reported to have been killed in the accident.
在①句中，谓语是一般现在时，在②中，谓语用的一般过去时，但后面非谓语用的都是完成式。
在①中，“is”表明现在报道，但“他在车祸中死亡”仍先于报道发生，所以后面不定式用完成式；
在②中，“was”表明过去报道，但“他在车祸中死亡”仍先于报道发生，所以后面不定式也用完成式。
因此，非谓语用完成式还是一般式，只与谓语、非谓语动作发生的先后有关，与谓语本身的时态无关。
注意：
①动名词的完成式常可以用一般式来代替：
I remember having lent you $100, but you haven’t paid it back.也可以说：
I remember lending you $100, but you haven’t paid it back.
I am sorry for breaking your cup.也可以说：
I am sorry for having broken your cup.
②非谓语的完成式一般不用作定语：
Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words _____ in his heart for years.
A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden
C. filling; hidden D. filled; hidden
答案：B
1. 【2010湖南】Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. struggling B. struggled
C. having struggled D. to struggle
2. The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teacher’s question, ___ just a minute. So he is usually the teacher’s pet.
A. thought B. having thought
C. and to think D. thinking
3. 【2008陕西】 around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
4. 【2012重庆】______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asked
5. 【2008福建】___ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting B. To wait
C. Having Waited D. To have waited
6. He felt it a great honor ____ to visit me when I was in his city.
A. to have been taken B. to have taken
C. having taken D. being taken
7. Tom pretended ___________ it, but in fact, he knew it very well.
A. not listen to B. not to hear about
C. not to have heard about D. not to listen
8. I don’t know whether you happen _____ , but I’m going to study in the
A. to be heard B. to be hearing
C. to hear D. to have heard
9. I’m sorry ____ you so much trouble. And thank you for you help.
A. to give B. to have given C. giving D. gave
10. 【2008江西】I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _____ when we talked on the phone.
A. to promote B. having been promoted
C. having promoted D. to be promoted
11. ________ the homework made his father lose his temper.
A. The boy’s not having done
B. The boy not having done
C. The boy’s having not done
D. The boy having not done
12. It was ____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.
A. to have played B. playing
C. played D. having played
When the teacher entered ,the pupil pretended to be doing the experiment.
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
13. My son pretended _______ when I came back.
A. to sleep B. sleeping
C. being sleeping D. to be sleeping
14. 【2011上海】Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing…, but we seem _____ the art of communicating face-to-face.
A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost
15. Who is the man ____now?
A. operating on B. operated on
C. being operated on D. to be operated on
16. The question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday.
A. discussed; discussed
B. discussing; had discussed
C. being discussed; discussed
D. discussing; discussing
17. We asked ___ to work in the countryside.
A. to be sent B. to send
C. to be sending D. sending
18. _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
19. _______ twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Being examined B. Examined
C. Examining D. Having been examined
考点4. 非谓语的否定式，是在非谓语前面直接加not
非谓语动词的否定形式
|
形式 |
非谓语动词 |
位置 |
例句 |
|
一般形式 |
不定式 |
放在不定式符号前，如果是省略不定式形式放在动词前 |
I want not to go home. I let him not go home. |
|
动名词 |
放在动名词前 |
Excuse me for not coming earlier. | |
|
分词 |
放在分词前 |
Not knowing this, he didn't come. | |
|
特殊形式 |
不定式 |
主动形式否定意义 |
He was too excited to speak. |
|
动名词 |
no和without引导的短语 |
No smoking. He left without saying good-bye |
20. Having no money but ____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A. not to want anyone B. wanted no one
C. not wanting anyone D. to want no one
21. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _________, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved
22. I regret ____ hard at school, or I would have succeeded in passing the exam.
A. not to work B. having not worked
C. to have not worked D. not having worked
23. _______ a letter, he decided to send a telegram.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
24. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
25. 【2008江苏】—They are quiet, aren’t they?
—Yes. They are accustomed ___at meals.
A. to talk B. to not talk
C. to talking D. to not talking
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
①名词(代词)+现在分词、（与前面构成主动关系）
②名词(代词)+过去分词；（与前面构成被动关系）
③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来）
④名词(代词)+副词；
⑤名词(代词)+形容词；
⑥名词(代词) +介词短语；
⑦名词(代词) +名词
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow
The test finished, we began our holiday.
With a lot of things to do, he is quite busy.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
With those noises upstairs, I couldn’t go to sleep.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night.
注意: 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受限 制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand.
1. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
2. With many items she needed ___ for her 50-birthday-party, she went to the supermarket with a big basket.
A. to be bought B. bought C. to buy D. buying
3. With all the magazines I needed ____, I left the post office.
A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought
4. With electricity ___ , we couldn’t drive the machine.
A. was cut off B. being cut off
C. cut off D. having cut off
5. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ________, he gladly accepted it.
A．finished B．finishing
C．having finished D．was finished
6. Everything ___ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
7. ___ more and more forest damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
A. As B. For C. with D. for
8. 【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _________ for a meal to be cooked
A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid
9. Many students _____ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing
10. Farmland ____ quickly, they’re considering solving the problem.
A. is lost B. losing C. loses D. getting lost
11. 【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them.
A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows
12. There are various kinds of metals, each____ its own properties．
A. has B. had C. to have D. having
13. Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words _____ in his heart for years.
A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden
C. filling; hidden D. filled; hidden
14. With the boy ____ the way, we had no trouble ___ the way ____ to
A. leading; finding; leading
B. to lead; found; to lead
C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led
15. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ______.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
16. _____ a great leader, his words carry more weight than anybody else’s.
A. Being B. He is C. For he is D. He being
17. ______, he had to stay at home looking after her.
A. Being ill B. His wife was ill
C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill.
18. ________ Sunday, we stayed at home.
A. It being B. Being C. It was D. Because being
19. _____ ,John returned to school from his hometown.
A. The summer vacation being over
B. The summer vacation is over
C. Because the summer vacation over
D. After the summer vacation being over
20. The old sick goat lay on the ground, its eyes ____ and its legs _____.
A. closed, trembled B. closing, trembling
C. closed, trembling D. closing, trembled.
21. Conditions ___, I will teach myself a second foreign language.
A. permitted B. permitting
C. permits D. being permitted
22. 【2012全国新课标】The party will be held in the garden, weather .
A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit
23. ____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.
A. Being no rain B. There was no rain
C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
24. We left the meeting, there obviously ____ no point in staying.
A. were B. being C. to be D. having
25. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. were canceled B. having been canceled
C. had been canceled D. have been canceled
有关系词引导的定义从句要有完整的谓语，而独立主格结构则没有完整的谓语，且不需要连接词。
26. The largest collection ever found in
27. He wrote a lot of novels, none of _____translated into a foreign language.
A. them B. which C . it D. what
28. You can use a large plastic bottle, ___ cut off, as a pot to grow young plants in.
A. the top is B. the top of which
C. whose top D. with its top
29. 【2008湖南】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control.
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
30. The English mayors, most of ____ girls, seldom win in the sports competitions.
A. them B. whom C. they D. the
31. To find out, Frisch built special hives, ___ only one honey-comb.
A. each with B. each has
C. each is with D. each of which having
状语从句要有完整的谓语，而独立主构结构则没有完整的谓语。
32. _____ more and more forests destroyed, some animals are facing the danger of dying out.
A. With B. By C. As D. For
33. You have no idea how she finished the relay race ____ her foot wounded so much.
A. for B. when C. with D. while
写作时要写出高级句式，除了把几个简单句合成并列句和复合句外，再一种很容易又很有效的方法就是利用独立主格结构。（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
方法： 破坏一个简单句中的谓语，把谓语变成非谓语或不含有动词：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。
合并下列句子，把划线句子改为独立主格结构
1. His wife was ill. He had to stay at home.
2. He arrived at home. His face was red.
3. My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends.
4. I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me.
5. I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done.
6. It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home.
考点1. 动词不定式的复合结构（for sb. to do sth. 与of sb. to do sth.）
It’s necessary to learn English well.
学好英语很有必要。
It’s necessary for us to learn English well.
我们学好英语很必要。
us是不定式to learn English 的逻辑主语。
for us to learn English是不定式的复合结构。
It + be+形容词+for /of somebody to do something
用of somebody to do something.还是用for somebody to do something, 关键要看前面的形容词。如果这个形容词可以表示这个人的品质，就用of somebody to do something, 否则，就用for somebody to do something。如：
1. It is difficult for us to finish the work on time.
2. It’s very kind of you to help me.
在句1中，difficult指按时完成工作这个事难，并不是指我们难，因此用for
在句2中，kind可以指you的品质，you are kind, 因此要用of.
辨别办法
用介词（of或for）后面的代词或名词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。
如上例中，句1：We are difficult. 意思与原句不符，因此用for。
句2：You are kind.原句含有这个意思，因此用of。
或者说：如果这个形容词侧重于说明人（不定式的逻辑主语）的特征时，用of；侧重用说明事（动词不定式复合结构所表达的事）时，用for。
常用for 的形容词：
表示客观情况的形容词：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等
常用of的形容词：
表示赞扬或批评的词：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise, polite, impolite等
练习
①选用of 或for 填空：
1. It is stupid ____ you to tell him everything..
2. It's necessary ____ you to lock the car when you do not use it.
3. It was kind ____ you to offer me so much help.
4. It seemed selfish ____ him not to give them anything.
5. It was impolite ____ you to talk to the old man like that.
6. It was impossible ____ us to believe whatever you say.
②单项选择
1. It took a long time for connection between temperature and illness ___.
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
2. It was polite _________ the child to give up his seat to the elderly woman.
A. for B. of C. to D. with
3. Is it necessary __________ the book immediately?
A. for him to return B. that he returns
C. his returning D. of him to return
4. 【2012福建】Nothing is so easy as _____ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
A. of B. to C. by D. for
考点2. 动名词的复合结构（somebody’s doing或somebody doing）
动名词前面带上自己的逻辑主语便构成了动名词的复合结构。其逻辑主语一般由物主代词、名词所有格来充当。在口语中，物主代词和名词所有格可分别由人称代词的宾格和名词的普通格代替。如：
Do you mind my / me opening the door?
I can’t imagine Mary’s / Mary marrying such a young man.
当动名词的复合结构作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格或物主代词表示。
His/Tom’s being late made the teacher angry. （正确）
Him /Tom being late made the teacher angry.（错误）
5. What caused the party to be put off?
___ the invitations.
A. Tom delayed sending
B. Tom’s delaying sending
C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send
6. 【1992全国】I would appreciate ___ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B .you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
7. ________ the homework made his father lose his temper.
A. The boy’s not having done
B. The boy not having done
C. The boy’s having not done
D. The boy having not done
连词加非谓语可以看作是一种省略句。
① 主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；
② 从句主要动词是be的某种形式。
此时从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：
When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.
考点2. 状语从句的"省略"现象常存在于五种状语从句中
① 由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.
除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
② 由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句
I won’t go to the party even if (I am) invited.
即使被邀请我也不会参加这个派对。
③ 由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
While (I was) waiting for him, I found my wallet was missing.
当我正在等他的时候，我发现我的钱包丢了。
④ 由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
The meeting took place as (it was) planned.会议按照计划进行。
⑤ 由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
The movie was more interesting than (it was) expected.
这部电影比预想的更有趣。
考点3. 省略后的结构可称为“连词+非谓语形式”，主要有七种类型
同独立主格结构相似（参看P16考点1）
① 连词+形容词
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
Work hard while (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
② 连词+名词
As (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.
他在孩提时代就乐于助人。
③ 连词+现在分词
While (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
Although (he is) doing his best in math these days, he has still got no good marks.
尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。
④ 连词+过去分词
He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.
除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。
The concert was a greater success than (it was) expected.
这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。
⑤ 连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。
⑥ 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as if (she was) in trouble.
她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the
他到美国之前就懂英语了。
⑦ 连词+介词短语
While (you are) upstairs, keep the windows closed.
1. 【2007四川】 The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ________ every day.
A. watered B. watering B. water D. to water
2. The man kept silent in the room unless ______ .
A. spoken to B. spoke to C. spoken D. to speak
3. 【2010浙江】The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _______ regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
4. 【2007 全国I】We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse.
A. not if dealt carefully with
B. if not carefully dealt with
C. if dealt not carefully with
D. not if carefully dealt with
5. 【2008安徽】-----Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
----- Yes, _____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
6. 【2012全国新课标】Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
7. Generally speaking, when _______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken
8. 【2012安徽】When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A. asking B. asked
C. having asked D. to be asked
9. If you go to the
A. supposing B. to suppose
C. supposed D. being supposed
10. No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performed
11. 【2008福建】– Who should be responsible for the accident?
– The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
12. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ___ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing B. having seen
C. to have seen D. to see
13. Towards evening, the patient opened his mouth as if ___ something to his son.
A. said B. say C. to say D. to have said
考点1. there + be+名词+doing/done/to do
there be 后的名词是句子的实义主语，后面的非谓语是实义主语的定语。
如果后面的动词和名词构成主动关系，用现在分词，构成：There be+主语+ doing，
如果后面的动词和名词构成被动关系，则用过去分词，构成：There be+主语+ done
如果表示将要发生的事情，则常用定式作定语，构成：There be+主语+ to do / to be done
注意：在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动
用主动时，侧重于说话者自己做这个事；用被动时，侧重于别人做这个事。
There are several trees to plant.(相当于There are several trees for us to plant.)
我们有几棵树要载。（侧重于“我们要栽树”）
There are several trees to be planted.
有几棵树要载。（强调“树要载”，很可能让别人载）
练习：
Ⅰ. 用括号内词的适当形式填空。
1. There were many people _______（wait）outside the building .
2. There were so many people in the street _______（watch）the fire that firefighters couldn’t get close to the building .
3. There is a temple(寺庙) _______ (build) four hundred years ago in the park.
4. I hope there will be more people _______ (join) the club.
5. There were lots of materials _______(send) to the area next week .
Ⅱ. 改错：
1. There are some people don’t agree with the idea.
2. There are some people think it’s a good idea.
Ⅲ. 选最佳答案填空：
1. There is a river ______around our school.
A. To run B. run C. running D. to be running
2. There are lots of places of interest ____ in our city.
A. needs repairing B. needing repaired
C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired
3. 【2009浙江】There is a great deal of evidence
that music activities engage different parts of the brain .
A. indicate B. indicating
C. to indicate D. to be indicating
4. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
5. 【2011山东】Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house.
A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead
考点2. There be 句型用作非谓语
在there be句型中，there是句子的形式主语。there be 结构用作非谓语形式时，可以做主语、宾语和状语，be有to be和being两种形式。
1. 做主语（不要求掌握）
2. 做宾语
非谓语做宾语时，根据动词的搭配有不定式和动名词两种形式。there be句型做宾语，也有there being（相当于动名词）和there to be（相当于不定式）两种形式。
跟动名词的动词后用there being。常见的动词有：deny, appreciate, mind, imagine, admit。
跟定式的动词后用there to be。常见的动词有：want, expect, hope, wish, like , hate, would like, prefer, mean, intend。
介词后面用there being。
①We expect there to be no argument .希望再出现争吵。（作宾语）
②She denied there being any misunderstanding between them.
她否认他们间有任何误会。
③Teachers don’t want there to be any students lagging behind.
老师不希望有任何学生掉队。
④They hate there to be long queues everywhere.
他们讨厌处处都要排长队。
⑤What’s the chance of there being a heavy rain today?
今天下大雨的可能性有多大？
6. I should prefer ___to be no discussion of my private affairs.
A. it B. that C. what D. there
7. The students expected there ______ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
A. is B. being C. have been D. to be
8. We have no objection to______ a meeting here．
A. there to be B. there being
C. there be D. there is
9. Ann never dreams of ___ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance D. being a chance
3. 做状语
there be句型做状语时，常用there being。there being是独立主格结构。
① There being nothing else to do, they went home.
由于没有别的事做，他们回家了。
②There being no buses , we had to take a taxi.由于没有公交车了，我们只好打的回家。
③There not being any water to drink , he felt deadly thirsty. 因为没有水喝，他感到很渴。
10. ______ nothing more to discuss, the secretary-general got to his feet, said goodbye and left the room.
A. There was B. Being
C. As there being D. There being
11. __ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.
A. Being no rain B. There was no rain
C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
12. There ____ no money left, I can’t buy the book.
A. being B. is C. to be D. are
13. ____ so we had to walk home.
A. There being no buses B. Being no buses
C. As there were D. There were no buses
考点3. There’s/It’s no use/useless/of no use/no good doing something
There’s no use/no good doing something.
做某事没有用/好处。
There’s no point/ sense doing something.
做某事没有意义。
It’s a waste of time/money doing something
做某事是在浪费时间/钱
There is no need to do something.
做某事没有必要。
①It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。（谚语）
②It is no good talking to him, because he never listens. 跟他讲没用，因为他从来不听。
③It’s a waste of time trying to talk to her when she’s in this mood.
在她目前的心情下，找她谈是白费时间。
④There is no point/sense starting so early. 这么早就动身，没有意义。
14. 【2006 全国II】It is no _____ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.
A. use B. help C. time D. way
15. 【2011上海】 It’s no use ____________ without taking action.
A. complain B. complaining
C. being complained D. to be complained
考点4. There is no doing 结构。其意为“不可能…”、“无法…”
There is no doing= There is no way of doing.= It is impossible to do
There’s no denying the fact he is intelligent. 这一事实不容否认。
There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.
不可否认, 成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。
There is no telling what the future will hold for them.
想知道他们的未来是什么样子是不可能的。
写作专练12. there be句型与非谓语(P34)
Somebody is（was）/ said/ reported/believed/thought/ known/considered to
意为"据称/据说/据报道/大家认为/ 众所周之/ 人们认为……"
此时，动词不定式有三种形式，to do, to being doing和to have done。到底用哪种形式，可用下面的方法来辨别：
动词不定式用哪种形式，也可以看动词不定式的动作与句子的谓语动作发生的先后：
动词不定式动作先于谓语动作发生：用to have done
动词不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生：用to be doing
动词不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后或同为经常性：用to do
练习：
Ⅰ. 把下列复合句变为简单句：（变为somebody is said to）
1. We believe that he invented the telephone.
2. It is reported that the woman has been missing since the flood broke out.
3. It is believed that he has made a fortune there.
4. It was thought that he had got lost in the forest.
5. It is said that Mike is studying in
6. It is supposed that Uncle Li will attend the meeting tomorrow.
7. It is reported that he lives alone in a lonely house.
8. They believed that he was the wealthiest person in the country.
Ⅱ. 单选选择：
1. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
2. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported_______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
3. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. being robbed B. having been robbed
C. to have been robbed D. robbed
4. Wang Ming is said ____abroad, but I am not sure which country it was.
A. to study B. to have studied
C. to be studying D .to have been studying
5. Linda is thought to ___ in
A. have worked B. work
C. be working D. be worked
6. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
7. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _____ since the flood hit the area last Friday.
A. have been missing B. have got lost
C. be missing D. get lost
8. 【2008陕西】The message is very important, so it is supposed as soon as possible.
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sent D. sending
写作专练13. 尝试使用Somebody is said to这个句式(P34)
考点1. Be afraid of, be afraid to
be afraid of
害怕某事，指一些不好的、不愿意看到发生的事情。
be afraid to do
不敢做某事，想做但又不敢做的事情。
He was afraid of failing the bridge, so he was afraid to pass the bridge.
1. I was afraid ___ to may customers because I was afraid ____ them.
A. of talking back, to lose
B. of talking back, of losing
C. to talk back, to lose
D. to talk back, of losing
考点2. ed分词和ing 分词 (参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。)
2. While seeing the _____ movie, the ____ children cried with fear.
A. frightening, frightening B. frightening, frightened
C. frightened, frightened D. frightening, frightening
3. Mr. Smith, ___ of the ____ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired, boring B. tiring, bored
C. tired, bored D. tiring, boring
4. The ____ look in her face suggested that she ____ it before.
A. surprising, wouldn’t know
B. surprised, hadn’t known
C. surprising, hadn’t known
D. surprised, shouldn’t know
5. The ___ expression on his face suggested he has something in his mind .
A. puzzled B. puzzling C. puzzle D. to puzzle
考点3. We must do whatever we can to help
6. We must do whatever we can ____ those who are in trouble.
A. help B. helping C. do help D. to help
7. Which do you enjoy ___ your weekends, boating or fishing?
A. spending B. to spend
C. having spend D. to have spent
8. There is nothing more I can try you to stay, so I wish you good luck.
A. being persuaded B. persuading
C. to be persuaded D. to persuade
9. 【2010上海】That is the only way we can imagine ____ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce
10. This is the best way I think of ____ the problem.
A. solve B. to solve C. solving D. solved
考点4. 不定式to后的省略
一般保留动词不定式符号to。 若to后有助动词have, be, have been, 则也要保留
11. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not to
12. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
13. Do you want to give a talk on that subject?
____.
A. I wouldn’t prefer B. I prefer not
C. I prefer not to D. I prefer to not
14. You should have worked harder.
I know I ______.
A. ought to B. ought to have C. should D. will
15. He wasn’t helped yesterday.
He ought to ______
A. have B. be C. have been D. have be
考点5. 不定式符号to的省略
① 不定式做表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式时，to要省略。（参看P5考点2）
② 不定式做感官动词和使役动词的宾语补足语时，要省略to。（参看P13 I ）
③ 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。
He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。
It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。
注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。如：
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
④ 动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。
He often helps his wife (to) do the housework.
He often helps (to) do the housework.
⑤ why not＋省略to的不定式（动词原形） 表示建议“为什么不”；
在why ＋省略to的不定式（动词原形）表示不赞成。
Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？
Why not give her some flowers? 为什么不送给她一些花呢？
⑥ 动词不定式做but, except的宾语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式时，要省略to。如：
I have nothing to do but give up.我只有放弃了。
16. 【2012 陕西】If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet
17. 【2007海南】 ---It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
---_______________ her this weekend?
A. Why not visit B. why not to visit
C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
18. I think the best thing you should do is _________ another job.
A. looking for B. looked for
C. look for D. about to look for
19. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
考点6. 连接词+不定式
She must have time in which to grow calm.
She has some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.
He only had long nights in which to study.
20. She had no money ____ a birthday present for her children.
A. to buy with B. buying
C. bought D. with which to buy
21. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend _____.
A. playing with B. having played with
C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play
22. Last summer I took a course on ___.
A. how to make dresses B. how dress be made
C. how to be made dresses
D. how dresses to be made
23. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect
C. to be expecting D. expects
是一种习惯用法，逻辑主语并不是句子主语。
24. _____, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
25. ____ his age, the little boy read quite well.
A. Considering B. Considered
C. Consider D. Having considered
26. _____ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon.
A. Judged B. Judging
C. Having judged D. To judge
27. ____ she can’t come, who will do the work?
A. Supposed B. Supposing
C. Having supposed D. Being supposed
28. ______it or not, his discovery has shocked everyone in scientific circles.
A. Believe B. To believe
C. Believing D. Believed
29. ____ you the truth, I’d rather read than watch television; the program seem to be getting worse all the time.
A. telling B. to tell C. told D. having told
30. What happened to you on your way back to the hotel last night?
--I lost my way in complete darkness and, ________ things worse, it began to pour.
A. making B. to make C. having made D. make
31. Looking on top of the wall, _____.
A. many tall buildings were seen.
B. there are many tall buildings.
C. I saw many tall buildings
D. the small town looked nice
32. While watching television, ________.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring
D. we heard the doorbell rings.
33. --What’s the matter with you?
--____ the window, my finger was cut unexpectedly.
A. Cleaning B. To clean
C. While cleaning D. while I was cleaning
34. Faced with a bill for $10,000, ______.
A. an extra job has been given to John
B. the boss has given John an extra job.
C. an extra job has been taken
D. John has taken an extra job
35. ____ along the quiet road at forty miles an hour, and then an old man suddenly started to cross the road in front of me.
A. Driving B. I was driving
C. Having driven D. When I was driving
36. Greatly moved by her words, ______ .
A. tears came to his eyes
B. he could hardly hold back his tears
C. tears could hardly be held back
D. his eyes were filled with tears.
37. Once lost , _______.
A. it is hard to get such a chance again.
B. to get such a chance will be difficult
C. one can never get such a chance again
D. such a chance might never come again
考点9. 并列谓语还是非谓语
有时要区分用谓语还是非谓语。并列谓语之间有and, 用在最后一个谓语前，构成A and B, 或A， B and C; 否则，要把一个变为非谓语。
38. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ___ down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
39. The policeman came up to the lonely house with the door ____, ___ there for a while and then entered it.
A. open, to stand B. opening, stood
C. open, stood D. opened, standing
40. At the shopping center, he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy; leave B. to be bought ; left
C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave
41. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _____, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved B. moving
C. to move D. being moved
42. He sat back on the chair, took a book and began to read, ______.
A. being looked happy B. looked rather happy
C. to look rather happy D. looking rather happy.
写作专练14. 运用非谓语的其它相关知识(参看P34)
1. What made your brother so delighted?
___ for his progress.
A. His teacher praised him
B. His being praised by his teacher
C. His teacher having praised him
D. He was praised by his teacher
2. When he got off the train, it happened __________.
A. to rain B. to be raining
C. raining D. to raining
3. We are considering _________ a new plan.
A. making B. being made
C. to make D. to have made
4. There are lots of places of interest ____ in our city.
A. needs repairing B. needing repaired
C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired
5. It remains _____ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
6. I think the best thing you should do is _________ another job.
A. looking for B. looked for
C. look for D. about to look for
7. 【2011福建】Tsinghua University, ____ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. found B. founding
C. founded D. to be founded
8. I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ______ on the ground on the way back home, but unfortunately for me, I found my color TV set______ when I got home.
A. lying; stolen B. laying; stealing
C. lay; stolen D. lying; stealing
9. 【2010重庆】Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _______ first is the library.
A. repaired B. being repaired
C. repairing D. to be repaired
10. 【2008天津】_____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A. To throw B. Thrown
C. Throwing D. Being thrown
11. 【2010江西】The lady walked around the shops,
______ an eye out for bargains.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
12. Last night, I saw Yang Weiwei lying in bed, ___ in deep thought.
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. being lost
13. 【2008安徽】____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking
C. Walked D. Having walked
14. I went to see him, ____ him out.
A. finding B. find
C. only to find D. to finding
15. _____ sweet, the flowers attract many people.
A. Smelling B. Being smelt
C. To smell D. Smelt
16. 【2012北京】_______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use
17. He sent me an e-mail, ____ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
18. 【2008江西】My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.
A. so as to B. such as to
C. such that D. so that
19. You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had ____ her children.
A. brought up B. to bring up
C. bringing up D. to have brought up
20. Is there anything you want from town?
No, thank you. But I would like to get _____.
A. those letters mailed B. mailed letters
C. to mail those letters D. those letters mail
21. As the stone was too heavy to move, I left it ___on the ground.
A. laying B. lay C. lying D. lain
22. The mother felt herself ___ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. A. grow B. grown
C. to grow D. to have grown
23. ---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
24. The teacher asked more ___ to prevent the student’s eyes from being injured.
A. to do B. done C. to be done D. being done
25. He was often listened ______ in the next room.
A. sing B. sung C. to sing D. to to sing
26. I can’t _________ you running up and down all day long.
A. permit B. let C. have D. allow
27. Tom’s parents do not allow Tom __________ swimming.
A. going B. to go C. go D. goes
28. Her dress has become loose. She seems ____ weight.
A. to lose B. being lose
C. to have lost D. having been los
29. 【2009四川】___ many times , he finally understood it.
A. Told B. Telling
C. Having told D. Having been told
30. ________ the homework made his father lose his temper.
A. The boy’s not having done
B. The boy not having done
C. The boy’s having not done
D. The boy having not done
31. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ________ it closely.
A. followed B. to follow
C. following D. being followed
32. He stood for a moment with his hands still _____.
A. to be raised B. raised
C. being raised D. raising
33. Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ____ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining C. their faces shining
34. The chair looks rather hard but in fact it is very comfortable to ____.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
35. It was polite _________ the child to give up his seat to the elderly woman.
A. for B. of C. to D. with
36. You shouldn’t keep silent when ______.
A. speaking B. spoken to
C. spoken D. speaking to
37. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all.
A. When compared B. To compare
C. While comparing D. It compared
38. — We didn’t find Smith attending the lecture.
— No one had told him about ______ a lecture the following day.
A. there was B. there to be
C. there being D. there be
39.
A. having discovered B. discovering
C. to have discovered D. to discover
40. Alex is said by heart 2000 Chinese characters up to now.
A. that he has learned B. to have learned
C. to learn D. having learned
41. Climbing mountains was ______, so we all felt ____.
A. tiring; tired B. tired; tiring
C. tiring; tiring D. tired; tired
42. 【2012 陕西】If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet
43. Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum because they knew what ___ from the forum.
A. to get B. to be got C. got D. getting
44. In order to improve English, _____.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father.
D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
45. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _________, and asked myself what I was going to do. A.moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved
写作专练1. 正确选择不定式或动名词做主语（参看P1第1讲）
1. 如果你想上一个好的大学，学好英语是件必须的事情。（ be admitted by a key college, learn English well, a must）
2. 经常锻炼身体对我们的健康有好处，还可以使我们学习更高效。（take exercise regularly, do a lot of good to, help us to learn more effectively）
3. 现在辍学不是个好主意，你以后会后悔的。（drop out of school, regret for）
4. 乱丢垃圾在我们学校是个很严重的问题。（litter about, a serious problem）
5. 找到一个好的工作是许多大学生一直梦想的事情。（ get a good job, dream of）
写作专练2. 熟练掌握后面跟不定式做宾语和后面跟动名词做宾语的情况（参看P2第2讲）
1. 我下决心尽我最大努力来赶上别人。(determine, do one’s best，catch up with others)
2. 由于下雨，我们没能按时到达那里。（because of, fail）
3. 我打算今年暑假通过打零工挣点钱来帮助交我的学费。intend to，earn some money, a part job, pay for my tuition)
4. 能快点收到你的回复，我将不胜感激。（appreciate doing something, receive your reply）
5. 我正在考虑换换工作。（consider, change one’s job）
6. 我向我们的老师求助，他建议我每天练习说英语。（turn to somebody for help，suggest, practice, speak English）
7. 为什么不试着坐火车去呢？坐火车既舒适有安全。(why not, try doing, comfortable and safe)
8. 不要担心我。我现在已经习惯了独立生活，虽然我过去在几乎所有的事情上都依靠我的父母亲。（worry about, get used to, used to, depend on）
9. 我想集中注意力学习，但我整天总是情不自禁地想起这个事。（concentrate on, can’t help, keep on thinking about it）
10. 除去向你求助，我别无选择。（ have no choice, but）
11. 我们的父母亲把他们的一切都给了我们，因此我们应当努力学习，不辜负他们的期望，不让他们失望。（devote…to, live up to their expectations, let…down）
12. 我盼望快点收到你的来信。（look forward to, hear from）
13. 期望我们每一个人都能为使我们国家更富、更强做出贡献。（be expected to, make a contribution to）
14. 每个人都努力是解决这个问题的关键。（make an effort, the key to）
15. 当谈到学英语，每个人都有自己的方法。（when it comes to, method）
写作专练3. 非谓语做表语时应注意（参看P5第3讲）
1. 我的爱好是听音乐和踢足球。（hobby）
2. 我的职责是照看所有这些花。(duty, take care of)
3. 大多数大学毕业生最想做的是尽快找到理想的工作。(graduate, an ideal job)
4. 我的梦想是上重点大学。(dream, go to a key college)
写作专练4. 用好非谓语做定语（参看P5第4讲）
1. 解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。（the best way, solve the problem, depend on ）
2. 要执行的这个工程将会对这个地区的经济很有好处。（the, project, carry out, be beneficial to, the economy, area）
3. 有许多人认为学生在学校不应带手机去。(there be, take…with them at school)
4. 仍有许多问题有待解决。(there be, remain to be done)
5. 我写信申请昨天China Daily上所广告的那个职位。(apply for the position, advertise)
6. 三分之二被采访的学生说他们赞成这个主意。(two thirds, interview, in favor of)
7. 我认为，Tom 应当为这个坏椅子负责。（ be to blame for）
8. 我今天下午洗衣服，你有要洗的吗？
9. 正在讨论的这个问题关系到我们每一个人，不管你是有钱还是没钱。（issue, discuss, concern, whether…or…）
10. 他给我打了个电话，告诉我他下周才能回来。（give a call, tell, not…until…）
写作专练5. 正确使用反射不定式（参看P8第5讲）
1. 这个计划便于执行。（plan, easy, carry out）
2. 他聪明，乐观，容易相处。（intelligent, optimistic, get along with）
3. 这个问题并不难处理。（the problem, that difficult, deal with）
写作专练6. 使用非谓语做状语，轻松写高级句式（参看P 9第6讲）
1. 因此，他这次考试考得非常好，在班级排第一名。（as a result, rank first）
2. 我相信，你要赶上别人，不会有什么困难。（have trouble in, find the post office）
3. 我每次给他们写信要求道歉，却被告知，那不是他们的错。（write to, only to be told, fault）
4. 每节课你都应当认真听讲，尽力不要错过任何要点。（listen with full attention, try to, miss any point）
5. 我不会傻到他说什么我就信什么的地步。（foolish, so…as to, whatever he says）
6. 我们现在努力学习，是为了我们未来能有机会找到好的工作。（in order that, have a good chance to do something, in the future）
7. 我每天夜里睡的都很晚，在为即将到来的考试做准备。（stay up late, make preparations for, the coming exams）
8. 再给我一次机会，我会做地更好。（give me another chance）
9. 面对这样一个问题，我不知道该怎么办。（facing/faced with， at a loss）
10. .中国已经建了许多高铁，使得人们的出行更加方便。（high-speed railway, make…easier, travel from one place to another）
11. 受到父母亲的压力，意识到他浪费太多时间，这个男孩决定不再玩电子游戏。（pressed by, realize, be determined to, video games）
写作专练7. 注意宾语补足语的形式（参看P12第7讲）
1. 在你离开的时候，不要让（自来）水流着。（leave the water running）
2. 我明天要把我的手表修理一下。（have…done）
3. 我将派人去机场接你。（have someone do something, pick up）
4. 他被批评，因为他考试作弊被逮住。（criticize, catch somebody doing）
5. 我们要求采取更多的措施，来阻止这样的事情再次发生。（ask more to, prevent…from）
6. 虽然我们学校不允许吸烟，但许多男生却偷偷地吸。（not allow, smoke heavily secretly）
写作专练8. 非谓语的完成式、进行式、被动式和否定式（参看P14第8讲）
1. 由于没有经常给你写信，我应向你道歉。（owe you an apology）
2. 不知道该怎么办，我向我们的老师求助。（turn to sb. for help）
3. 我后悔没有听我们老师的建议。（regret, follow one’s advice）
4. 没有收到回信，我决定再给他们写一封，但仍旧没有收到回信。（receive a reply, write to）
5. 我考试不及格使我的父母非常生气。(failing the exam)
6. 我碰巧也去过那里。（happen to, have been there）
写作专练9. 利用独立主格结构，轻松写高级句式（参看P 16第9讲）
1. 上周六没有课，我们去参观了长城。（there be, pay a visit to）
2. 我们的校园非常美丽，花儿香，鸟儿唱。（schoolyard, smell sweet, sing happily）
3. 天气很糟，我们不得不放弃爬上山顶的计划。(weather, give up, the top of the mount)
4. 许多人对我们镇的环境感到忧虑，包括我。（be concerned about, environment, include）
5. 考虑到各方面情况，我认为这是解决这个问题的合适的办法。（all things, consider, an appropriate approach to, solve the problem）
6. 每天有如此多的作业做，我感到身心疲惫。（with so many assignments to complete, exhausted, physically and mentally）
写作专练10. 用好动名词复合结构和动词不定式复合结构（参看 P18第10讲）
1. 我想学法律专业，但我的父母亲却坚持让我学医学。（major in, insist on, medicine）
2. 我还清楚的记得你带着我们参观你们城市的情形，我真的很感激。（remember, show around， appreciate）
3. 他没通过考试使他这几天很不高兴。（failing to pass the exam, make sb. upset）
4. 事实上，我认为没有比这更糟的了，如果你不介意我这样说的话。（in fact, mind）
5. 我们多读点英文故事书的这个建议是解决我们问题的最好办法。(suggestion of, perfect solution to)
6. 如果能为我约定个时间，我将不胜感激。（appreciate doing, make an appointment for）
7. 让我们在用如此少的时间完成如此多的作业是不可能的。（impossible, do homework）
8. 你给我如此多的实用的建议真太好了。（it’s kind, so many practical suggestions）
写作专练11. 使用省略句（连词＋非谓语）来提高句式档次（参看P 19第11讲 ）
1. 如果可能的话，我要去外国深造。(possible, further studying)
2. 那里的风景比预想的还有好。(scenery, more fantastic, expect)
3. 当他在英国工作的时候，他学会了说英语。（pick up, while, England）
4. 他张开他的口，好像要告诉我什么事情。（as if, tell me something）
5. 还是一个小孩的时候，我就喜欢上了读书。（as, fall in love with）
6. 当和他们比较的时候，你就会发现我们生活是多么幸福啊。（compare with, what a happy life）
写作专练12. there be句型与非谓语（参看P 20第12讲 ）
1. 路上车辆太多，以至于经常拥堵。（ there be, traffic, run on the road, traffic jams）
2. 现在还有很多高楼正在建。（there be, many more high buildings）
3. 那里有许多可以看的景点。（there be, tourist attractions）
4. 有许多学生认为，我们不应当把老虎关在笼子里。（there be, keep tigers in cages,）
5. 和我父母亲谈论这个事没有意义，因为他们根本不听我说。（no point/use doing, wouldn’t listen to me）
6. 在这里建立一个工厂没有什么好处，因为它会严重破坏我们的环境。（it’s no good doing, harm our environment）
7. 我个人觉得，花这么多钱建这样大的动物园是在浪费钱。而且，动物在动物园里也会感到非常痛苦。（Personally, it’s a waste of money, feel miserable, confine）
8. 不可否认，成功在于勤奋。（there is no denying, lie in, hard work）
9. 教室里没有老师，许多学生开始大声说话。（there being, talk loudly）
10. 我一直梦想能有机会和你面对面交谈。（dream of, there be, a chance, face to face）
写作专练13. 尝试使用Somebody is said to这个句式（参看22第13讲）
1. 宝天曼树木种类繁多，据信有的已有上千年树龄。（a wide variety of, be believed to）
2. 在这个特别的节日里，孩子们应穿上他们最好的衣服，大人们应给他们压岁钱。（on this special occasion, be supposed to, be dressed in, lucky money）
3. 这个工程预期三个月可完工。（project, be expected to, complete, in）
4. 据报道房价已连续5年上涨。（housing prices, be reported to, rise, five years in a row）
5. 据说这些嫌疑犯正躲在山里。(these suspects, be said to, hide, in the mountains)
写作专练14. 运用非谓语的其它相关知识（参看P 23第14讲 ）
1. 我们的学校比以前美丽多了。（beautiful, used to）
2. 信不信有你，他在演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。（believe it or not, win the first prize）
3. 我们的车坏在路上了。更糟的是，天又下起雨来。（break down, to make matters /things worse）
4. 害怕被父母亲惩罚，我不敢把考试的结果告诉他们。（be afraid of, punish, be afraid to）
5. 我们必须尽一切努力来阻止这个河流受到污染。（do whatever we can, prevent…from）
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