【语法复习15】形容词和副词--打印文章

比较级和最高级及其使用

形容词的比较级和最高级

说明			例词
	一般情况	加er, est	smaller,smallest
	以e 结尾	加r,st	larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est	以"辅音字母+y "结尾的词	改y为i，再加er,est	busier,busiest
	重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母	双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est	fatter,fattest
	以ow,er结尾的双音节词	加er ,est	narrower,narrowest　　cleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词	加more most		more beautiful,　　most important

副词的比较级和最高级
　　1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
　　2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级。
　　几个特殊的形容词和副词

原级	比较级	最高级
good ,well	better	best
bad, ill, badly	worse	worst
many ,much	more	most
little	less	least
far	farther, further	farthest,further
old	older, elder	oldest, eldest

比较级和最高级的常用句型

名称	句型	例句
相等	as 原形 as 　　 (as 原形+名词 as )	The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train.　He has not as much money as his friend.
不及	not as(so) 原形 as 　　(not as[so ]+名词+原形 as )	She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
	比较级+ than	Health is more important than wealth.
超越	the +比较级+of the two　　两者中较… 的一个	He is the taller of the two.
用于否定	no +比较级+than 　　和…一样不	He is no richer than I.　　他和我一样不富有。
用于否定	最…不过	His work couldn't be worse.　　他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增	er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…)	higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化	the +比较级，the+比较级　　（越…，越…）	The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较	the +最高级+of/in+比较范围　　（…之中最…）	Of all things in the world, people are the precious.

比较级结构的修饰语
　　1．用于原级之前：
　　almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
　　John is almost as tall as you.
　　The river is three times as long as that one.
　　We have a third as many students as we had last term.
　　2．用于比较级前
　　many, a few (用于"more +可数名词"前)
　　It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
　　a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
　　It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
　　We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
　　3．用于形容词和最高级前
　　the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
　　This hat is by far the largest in the world.
　　Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .

位置与功能

高考重点要求
　　1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
　　2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
　　3．注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
　　4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
　　此项语法内容从1991年到达2001年间共出现45次（包括上海题），可见其重要。
　　形容词作用与位置
　　1．定语。
　　在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。
　　"县官行令杀国才。"这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
　　限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观（描绘）形（大小、形状等）龄（年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）
　　an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella
　　做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
　　2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
　　常见系动词有：be
　　变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
　　保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
　　感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
　　3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
　　He went to bed , cold and hungry.
　　 4.做宾补。
　　N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
　　afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
　　②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
　　well, ill faint
　　③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
　　friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
　　④复合形容词的形式问题。
　　an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man
　　副词
　　位置
　　1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
　　They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.
　　2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
　　always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之后。
　　He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.
　　3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）
　　He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
　　N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
　　closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
　　以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
　　He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
　　He can see a bird is flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）