【魔法英语语法01】动词时态
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词都换成一般过去时。
  We listened closely while the teacher read the text.
  老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。
  b.表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作
  We were talking about you the whole morning.
  我们整个上午都在说你。
  He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.
  昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。
  c. 表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事
  He told me that he was going soon.
  他告诉我他很快就要走了。
  She said she was leaving for New York the next month.
  她说她下个月动身去纽约。
  ②过去进行时的特殊用法
  a.表示故事发生的背景
  It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
  那支医疗小组往前线行进时天正下着雪。
  Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
  汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。
  b.表示一个新的动作刚刚开始
  过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
  Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.
  5分钟后,他已站在门口抽着烟。
  The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.
  这婴儿在大声啼哭,突然,哭声停止了。
  c. 用来陈述原因或用作借口
  She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
  她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
  I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.
  我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。
  d. 与always, constantly等词连用,表示感情色彩
  The girl was always changing her mind.
  这女孩老是改变主意。
  In the past he was constantly asking me for money.
  过去他总是向我要钱。
  3.过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
  ①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。
  She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
   她昨晚给朋友写了封信。(信写完了)
  She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
  她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
  ②一般过去时表示只做一次动作,而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。
  She waved to me.
  她朝我挥了挥手。
  She was waving to me.
  她不断地朝我挥手。
  The boy jumped up and down.
  这男孩跳了一下。
  The boy was jumping up and down.
  这男孩不停地跳着。
  C.将来进行时
  1.将来进行时的构成
  将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +现在分词”构成的。
  Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
  8点到10点之间不要给我打电话,我们那时正在上课。
  Will you be using your bicycle this evening?
  今晚你用自行车吗?
  She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.
  明天8点她不在开会。
  2.将来进行时的用法
  ①将来进行时的基本用法
  a. 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作
    I'll be taking my holiday soon.
    我不久就去度假了。
    They will be meeting us at the station.
    他们会在车站接我们的。
  b. 在口语中代替will/shall do
  I hope you will be coming on time.
  我希望你按时来。
  I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.
  我明天将见到史密斯先生。
  The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.
  部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
  ②将来进行时的特殊用法
  a. 表示原因、结果或猜测
  Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.
  请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。(表原因)
  Stop the child or he will be falling over.
  抓住那个孩子,要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)
  You will be making a mistake.
  你会出错的。(表推测)
  b. 用在问句中,表示委婉礼貌
  Will you be reading anything else?
  你还要看点儿什么吗?
  When shall we be meeting again?
  我们什么时候再见面?
  c. 表示稍后一点儿的安排
  The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.
  这星期我们学第三单元,下周我们将学第四单元。
  My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
  我的任务在7月结束,之后我会回上海。  

 

三、完成时
  完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。

  A.现在完成时
  1.现在完成时的构成
  现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”,因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。
  Someone has broken the window.
  有人把窗户打破了。
  I haven't seen much of her lately.
  我最近不常见到她。
  How long have they been married?
  他们结婚多长时间了?

  2.现在完成时的用法
  ①表示结果的现在完成时
  现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法,表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成,并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。
  I have bought a pen.
  我买了一支笔。(结果:I have a pen now.)
  The temperature has increased by 10℃.
  温度上升了10摄氏度。(结果:It is quite hot now.)
  Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
  空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。(结果:Air pollution is very serious now.)
  注意:
  现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。
  【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.(have bought表示你现在已经有笔了,这和后面的have lost有矛盾)
  【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
  我(过去)买了一支笔,但我已经把它丢了。
  【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.(have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了,与后面have found的意思有冲突)
  【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
        我丢了一支笔,但现在已经找到了。
  ②表示经历的现在完成时
  强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。
  Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
  你去过长城吗?
  I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
  北京我至少访问过十次了。
  She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
  她从未到海滨度过假。
  ③表示延续的现在完成时
  这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法,表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始,持续到现在,可能要继续下去。
  He's loved fishing for a long time.
  他爱好钓鱼为时已久。(他现在仍爱好钓鱼)
  I have lived here for more than thirty years.
  我已在这儿住了三十多年了。(也许还会继续住下去)
  注意:
  现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词(主要是持续动词),也可用于状态动词,但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词,如:open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”,通常只限于否定结构。
  I haven't seen a film for weeks.
  我已经好几个星期没看电影了。
  She hasn't written to me since September.
  自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。

  3.现在完成时的时间状语
  ①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语
  现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内,和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关,不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。 
  a. 不确定的过去时间状语:already, yet, before, recently, lately等
  I've seen the film before.
  我以前看过这部电影。
  Have you been there lately?
  近来你去过那里吗?
  b. 频度时间状语:often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等
  We have never heard of that.
  我们从未听说过这事。
  He has sometimes played tennis.
  他有时打网球。
  Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
  大本钟很少出差错。
  c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语:now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
  I have just finished the letter now.
  我现在刚写完信。
  You have just missed the bus.
  你刚好错过公共汽车。
  Has he done much work today?
  他今天做了很多工作吗?
  比较:already和yet用法上的区别
  already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。
  She has already gone.
  她早就走了。
  Have you eaten your dinner already?
  你已经吃过饭了?
  He has not come yet.
  他还没有来。
  ②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
  与“已完成”用法一样,表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。
  a. since + 具体时间,表示动作或状态从何时开始
  Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
  自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
  He hasn't been home since he graduated.
  他毕业后就没回过家。
  b. for + 一段时间,表示动作或状态持续了多久
  We have worked here for ages.
  我们在这里工作很久了。
  There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
  这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
  c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
     到目前为止
  I have not seen him so far.
  到目前为止我没见过他。
  Up to the present, everything has been OK.
  到目前为止一切正常。
  d. in/during the past/last five years
     在刚刚过去的5年里
  He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
  过去的几个星期里他没在学校。
  In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.   在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
  e. all the while, all day 一直,一整天
  She has been busy all day.
  她忙了一整天。 

  4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
  ①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作,但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响,而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。
  He locked the door.
  他锁过门。(但现在门是开是锁不清楚。)
  He has locked the door.
  他把门锁上了。(现在门是锁着的。)
  Who turned on the light?
  谁开的灯?(着眼开灯的动作,不管现在灯是开是关。)
  Who has turned on the light?
  谁把灯打开了?(着眼开灯的结果,即现在灯还亮着。)
  ②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作,现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续,而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
  He has lived in Beijing for four years.
  他在北京住了四年了。(现在仍住那儿)
  He lived in Beijing for four years.
  他曾在北京住了四年。(现在不住那儿了)

  B.过去完成时
  过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生,即发生在“过去的过去”。

  1.过去完成时的构成
  过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。
  Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
  我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
  The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
  飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张,他以前从没乘过飞机。
  Had he gone home when you arrived? 你到的时候他已经回家了吗?

  2.过去完成时的用法
  ①“已完成”用法
  表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。
   By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
   到昨天早上5点钟时,我们已经做完了那件工作。
  He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
  老师从办公室回来时,他刚把教室打扫完。
  They came earlier than we had expected.
  他们到得比我们预料的要早。
  I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
  我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
  It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
  旱了好几个月之后,昨天下雨了。
  注意:
  在包含before和after的复合句中,因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
  The train (had) started before I reached the station.
  在我到达车站之前,列车已经开了。
  After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
  马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。
  ②“未完成”用法
  表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始,一直持续到这一过去时间,还可能再持续下去。
  Up to that time all

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