专题十一：定语从句

考点概要

        定语从句在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫引导词，分为关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose, as）和关系副词（when, where, why）。

 

考点一、考查几组引导词异同

一、先行词是物时，关系代词which, that充当主语或宾语异同：

      在限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语关系代词which, that一般可以互换，关系代词作宾语时还可以省略。

1、which用于下列情况：a、如果引导的是非限定性定语从句; b、关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前; c、先行词本身是that等。

     2、that用于下列情况：a、先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词；b、先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰；c、先行词被the very修饰；d、先行词中既有人也有物；e、在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句等；f、先行词是the way，并在定语从句充当状语时，关系代词用that或省略，若用which, 其前加介词in。

B ① The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.

    A. in it    B. in    C. in that    D. in which    09江西

B ② Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.

    A. that      B. which       C. who      D. where   07浙江

A ③ What surprised me was not what he said but ______he said it.

    A．the way 　　B．in the way that 　　C．in the way 　　D．the way which   04湖北

B ④ I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.

    A. who       B. that     C. as        D. what   10全国Ⅱ

 

二、先行词是人，关系代词who, whom, that充当主语或宾语异同：

在限定性定语从句中充当主语一般用who, that；充当宾语时三者可以互换或省略。下列情况用who或whom：a. 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词是人，并在从句中充当主语，关系代词用who，充当宾语，用whom或who (口语中); b. 先行词是人，介词后的宾语, 只能用whom等。

C  ① Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ______ don’t.

    A. who; 不填     B. 不填; who    C. who; who   D. 不填; 不填   06北京

A  ② The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ____left their village homes for a better life in the city.      

    A．whom    B．which    C．them   D．those  10浙江

 

三、先行词是人时，关系代词which与who / whom在定语从句的区别：

关系代词which引导定语从句，并在从句中作表语或补足语时，其先行词可以是表示人的职业、身份等，但这里的人不是指具体的人；who或whom代的先行词是具体的人的名词或代词。

D  ① Her sister has become a lawyer, ______she wanted to be.

    A. who   B. that      C. what      D. which   05湖北

D  ② We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy.

    A. that      B. which       C. what       D. whom    07北京

 

四、关系代词whose与which在定语从句作定语的区别：

在“介词+限定词+名词”中，限定词作定语，一般多用whose（即指人，也指物）代替；但若限定词是指示代词this/that时（名词多为case, point, reason, situation等），定语从句引导词为关系代词which。另外需要注意：物作定语时，whose+名词=the +名词+of +which 或of +which +the+名词。

A ① Mark was a student at this University from 1999 to 2003, ____he studied very hard and was made chairman of the students’ Union.

    A. during which time    B. for which time   C. during whose time    D. by that time  05重庆

C ② That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.

    A. that         B. which         C. whose      D. What    10山东

D ③ The man pulled out a gold watch, ____ were made of small diamonds.

    A. the hands of whom        B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of        D. the hands of which   08陕西

 

五、考查关系代词which与as引导非限定性定语从句的异同

两者都可并指代主句整个句子的内容。它们的区别：1、as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之后，之中或之前。但which只能放在主句之后。2、as用于引导定语从句时，具有“正如……、像……、由……而知”等语义。当主句与从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系，往往用which。3、引导的定语从句在语义上要和主句保持一致，而which可不一定，如果语义不一致，则要用which来替代as。

B ① After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，____turned out to be a wise decision．

    A．that     B．which    C．when     D．where   10四川

C ② The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn't expected.

    A. when   B. that   C. which    D. what   00北京春招

A ③ I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.     

     A. as B. which   C. when      D. though   09天津

D ④______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.

    A. Which       B. When        C. What       D. As   04江苏

 

六、考查关系代词与关系副词where, when, why的区别及关系副词相互之间的区别：

1、可以用关系副词where代替in which/on which/to which等表示地点的状语，常见表地点的名词既有“具体”的（如：place, school, family等）也有“抽象”的（如：point, situation, career, activity, job，stage，scene等

2、可以用关系副词when代替on which/in which/at which/during which等表示时间的状语，常见表时间的名词既有“具体”的（如：days, time等）也有“抽象”的（如：stay, occasion等）。（3）可以用关系副词why代替for which表示原因的状语（非限定性定语从句常用for which），此时其先行词常是reason。但需要注意的是：若表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语时，只能用关系代词which, that或关系代词的省略形式（作宾语）。

B ① Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet____ life has developed gradually.

   A. that     B. where  C. which  D. whose  10福建

D ② She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.

   A. that     B. which      C. where     D. when   09四川

A ③ Is this the reason ＿＿ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

   A. he explained   B. what he explained  C. how he explained   D. why he explained    02上海春招

 

考点二、考查定语从句中的“介词+关系代词”结构

一、考查该结构中关系代词的选用。

若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。

C ① She brought with her three friends, none of ____ I had ever met before.

    A. them        B. who     C. whom     D. these   09海南

D ② The newly built café, the walls of _____ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.   

    A. that      B. it      C. what      D. which  10江苏

 

二、考查该结构中介词的选用。

1、一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词固定搭配；句子的意思。

C ① We went through a period _____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.

    A. which    B. whose     C. in which    D. with which  08上海

C ② Wind power is an ancient source of energy ____ we may return in the near future.

    A. on which     B. by which     C. to which     D. from which  10山东

A ③ She was educated at Beijing University, ____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.

    A. after which     B. from which     C. from that     D. after that   06陕西

    2、表示“整体和部分关系”、“同位关系”或“所属关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：（I）在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前后可以用of which/whom。（II）the +比较级或最高级前后用of which/whom等。

D ① I have many friends, _____ some are businessmen.

    A. of them    B. from which    C. who of    D. of whom   05全国I

D ② There are two buildings, _____ stands nearly a hundred feet high .

    A. the larger   B. the larger of them  C. the larger one that   D. the larger of which    04湖北

 

考点三、考查定语从句的特殊结构

 

一、考查关于定语从句的分隔结构。

考查关于定语从句的分隔结构主要表现在以下几方面：定语从句对主谓结构的分隔时的主句谓语动词选择；定语从句对从句中宾补结构的分隔时的非谓语动词；定语从句对主句定语、状语的分隔时的非谓语动词；定语从句对一些固定句式的分隔时的非谓语动词。

A ① The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister_____ she would stay for an hour. 

    A. where     B. who     C. which    D. what   10江西

B ② That is the only way we can imagine____ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.

    A. reducing     B. to reduce     C. reduced     D. reduce   10上海

B ③ The country life he was used to ____ greatly since 1992.

    A. change       B. has changed     C. changing    D. have changed   05山东

C ④ The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____the next year.

    A. carry out      B. carrying out     C. carried out    D. carry out   00全国

D ⑤ You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ____ home in the snowstorm.

    A. walked   B. walk   C. to walk   D. walking   07辽宁

 

二、考查带有插入语的定语从句的关系词的选用。

 做此类题中时，把关系词后的插入语（如：I believe, I think, I expect等）去掉进行判断。

C ① --- Is that the small town you often refer to?

       --- Right, just the one____ you know I used to work for years.

    A．that   B．which       C．where       D．what   05福建

 

三、考查省略式定语从句。

主从句主语相同时，有时可以省略一些成分，变成“介词+引导词+不定式”的形式。

B  ① Frank's dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands.

    A. that    B. in which     C. by which     D. how  05湖南

 

四、考查定语从句的主谓一致

关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。

B  ① Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________evening dress.

    A. wear  B. wears  C. has worn  D. have worn    10全国Ⅱ

B  ② She is one of the few girls who_____in the kindergarten

    A. is well paid     B. are well paid     C. is paying well     D. are paying well

 

五、考查定语从句与其它从句的区别

1、考查非限定性定语从句与并列句的区别。

区分办法主要看前后句之间是否有and、but等并列连词或分号等的存在，若有，则为并列句；如果只有逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则为非限定性定语从句。

B  ① 1. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ____ are beyond our control.

    A. most of them     B. most of which    C. most of what    D. most of that   08湖南

A  ② I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute

    A. they    B. one      C. who      D. it     04重庆

2、考查主语从句与非限定性定语从语的区别。重点考察it, what和as的选用。

    常见的考查结构：（1）“It be done（如：said/suggested等）that+从句 （2）“What be done（如：said/suggested等）is that+从句 （3）“As be done（如：said/suggested等）+主句。

B  ① ____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.

    A. It     B. What     C. As     D. Which    08福建

D ② It has been proved ____ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. 

    A. if     B. because      C. when      D. that   08上海

B ③ ____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

    A. It      B. As     C. That      D. What   04北京

3、某一名词或代词后引导定语从句与地点状语从句的区别。

是定语从句时，该名词或代词在从句中充当成分；如果后面句子只是说明前面该名词或代词所处的位置，该名词或代词又不在从句中充当成分时，应该是地点状语从句。

C  ① --- Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?

       --- You should try the barber’s _____ I go. It’s only 15.

    A. as       B. which     C. where       D. that   10天津

C  ② You’d better not leave the medicine _____ kids can get at it.

    A. even if        B. which       C. where      D. so that  08山东

4、考查定语从句和同位语从句的区别。

它们都可放在名词后。但在定语从句中，该名词在从句中充当成分，从句对该名词进行修饰；同位从句是对前面抽象名词进行具体解释说明，该抽象名词不在从句中充当成分。

D  ① --- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

        --- Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.

    A. why        B. where       C. how       D. /   08山东

C  ② A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.  

    A. if     B. when      C. that      D. which    06安徽

5、考查the same, such引导限定性定语从句和结果状语从句的区别。

 the same, such, so可以与as或that搭配。as引导的是定语从句，前面名词或代词要在从句中充当成份；而that引导的是结果状语从句，从句结构完整。

B  ① Pop music is such an important part of society _____ it has even influenced our language.

    A. as      B. that     C. which     D. where   07上海

B  ② These houses are sold at such a low price _____ people expected.

    A. like      B. as      C. that      D. which   00上海春招