第三章：各种体裁写作技巧及实例

第三节：议论文写作技巧及实例

    议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体。就是摆事实，讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。

一、议论文的三要素

    论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句（topic sentence）来确定论点。文章结尾往往提出自己的看法、意见或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论点正确，是立论；反之，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。

二、议论文的类型

    1．正反观点式议论文（对比观点型：有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）

    ①导入：第1段：

    Recently we’ve had a (heated) discussion about whether we should…（导入话题）

    Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）

    ②正文：

    第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）

    Here are the reasons. First… Second…Finally…（列出2~3个赞成的理由）

    第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.（反方观点）

    Their reasons are as follows. In the first place…What’s more… In addition…（列出2~3个反对的理由）

    ③结论：第4段：

Personally speaking ,---（个人观点）

    模拟练习一

   假如昨天你们班级以No smoking in public places? 为题开了一次讨论会。请根据以下情况写一篇60字左右的报道，介绍讨论会的情况。

    Yesterday we had a discussion about whether or not we should stop smoking in public places.Eighty-five percent of us think it is necessary to stop smoking in public places. Most of us think smoking does harm to people’s health and the environment. Besides, people should not spend so much money on the cigarettes.

    Meanwhile, about fifteen percent of us didn’t agree. In their opinion, people should have their own right to do the things they like, such as smoking. It is very hard to give up smoking for those people who have smoked for many years. And they think smoking is useful for people to improve their work.

    模拟练习二

最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票?请你根据下表所提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。

    注意：1．信的开头已为你写好。 2．词数：100左右。 3．参考词汇：门票---entrance fee

Dear Editor，

    I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks（点题）

    Opinions are divided on the question60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees They believe a public park should be free of charge People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away What is more， it will become necessary to build gates and walls，which will do harm to the appearance of a city（A方观点）

    On the other hand，40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers， and to buy plants and young trees They suggest，however，fees should be charged low（B方观点）

    Every thing has two sides In my opinion， the point about that fees should be charged is better as long as the price of the entrance fee is reasonable

                                                                 Yours truly，

                                                                  Li Hua

    模拟练习三

    人们对中学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短介

绍人们不同的观点，并表达自己的看法。

注意：1．文章必须包含表中全部内容。2．词数为100左右。

    参考词汇：网友 online friends   上当受骗  to be cheated

 

    Should students make friends on line? Different people have \ hold different opinions \ attitudes.

    Some people are in favor of the idea. Chatting on line, students can not only make more friends but also express their feelings and opinions more freely. What’s more, they can get help with their foreign language studies.

    However, each coin has two sides. Other people hold the opposite opinion. First of all, they think making friends on line is a waste of time, which will have a bad effect on their study. What’s more, some students may get cheated on line.

    As far as I am concerned, I am not in favor of the idea that students make friends on line. Students should place their study, health and safety before other things.

    模拟练习四

    最近你市发现了一处唐文化遗址。是否应当开发？人们展开了激烈的讨论。假如你是一名记者，请就此写一篇100字左右的报道，并发表自己的看法。

    赞成开发：应开发利用以吸引更多的游客来旅游观光。

    反对开发：应保持原样，妥善保护，以免遭人为破坏。

    Recently, citizens in our city have had \ held a heated a debate on whether we should explore the cultural relics, which was discovered in our city. Different people have different opinions.

    Some people are in favor of the idea. They think the cultural relic is worth exploring, which will make people learn more about the great history. What’s more, this cultural relic site can attract more visitors to our city, which will improve our tourism.

    However, others hold an opposite opinion, thinking that we should keep it as it is and protect it properly. Only in this way can it not be destroyed by people.

    As far as I am concerned, we should ask the experts for advice to find a better way to make good use of this cultural relic.

    模拟练习五

    最近你班学生就“应该将学生成绩与老师考核挂钩吗？”展开了一次激烈的争论，请你就讨论的内容写一篇作文，并发表你自己的看法。

    参考词汇：反映：reflect   负担：be burdened    考核：evaluation     考入：be admitted to

    Recently ,our class has held a heated discussion about whether teachers’ evaluation should be connected with students’ grade. Different students have different opinions.

    Some students are in favor of the idea. First of all, they think this kind of evaluation will encourage teachers to improve their teaching shills, with will help students get higher grades so that they can be admitted to key university .Beside, students’ grades reflect teachers’ qualities so teachers should be responsible for students grades.

    However, other students hold an opposite opinion. They think a good teacher not only helps students get high grades, but more importantly, they should help students develop good personalities. Besides, in order to get high grades, students are burned with more homework. Last but not least, it is students rather than teachers that decide whether they can achieve good grades.

    As far as I am concerned, I support the idea.

    模拟练习六

    假设你是林明。你班最近就“大学生是否应该经济独立”的话题展开了讨论，大家发表了不同看法。  请你根据以下所给内容，写一封信给《21世纪英语》报高中生版反映讨论情况。讨论情况如下：

    1．35％的同学认为：通过打工可以获得工作经验，了解社会；同时还可以体会到父母挣钱的不易，避免乱花钱的不良习气。

    2．50％的同学认为：通过打工来付学费会影响自己的学习，自己可以通过好好学习来报答爹娘，回报社会。

    3．15％的同学(包括你在内)觉得双方的观点都有一定道理，但又不完全赞同，请简述你自己的看法。

    注意：1．文章开头已经给出，不计入总分；

    2．词数120个(不包括起始句)；

    3．参考词汇：学费tuition fee   报答repay    经济独立financially independent

                            

Dear editor,

    I am writing to tell you about a recent discussion we have had on whether or not university students should be financially independent.

    35% of my classmates think that university students doing part-time jobs will help one to gain working experience and learn more of society. Besides, when students find it hard for their parents to earn money, they won't form the habit of wasting their money.

    50% of the students hold the view that university students needn't be financially independent, because trying to make money in their spare time will affect their studies. They also think that they can repay their parents and society by studying harder.

    15% of my fellow students, myself included, partly agree with them.  

    We think that as grown-ups, we shouldn't depend on our parents any more. Personally, I thought if our parents can afford to pay the tuition fee for us, we should devote ourselves to our studies and try to do better.

Thank you for reading my letter.

                                                               Yours,                                                                              

                                                               Lin Ming

 

    2．“A”或者“B”类议论文（说明利弊型：说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法）

    ①导入：第1段

    Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

②正文：

第2段： There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that… Another reason is that…(赞同A的原因)

    第3段：Of course, B also has advantages to some extent…（列出1~2个B的优势）

    ③结论：第4段：

But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…(得出结论)

    模拟练习一

    暑假即将来临，你班同学讨论了假期计划，提出了不同看法，请根据提示写一篇关于讨论的英语短文，并谈谈你的看法。(2006年陕西卷）

    注意：1.词数100-120   2.短文必须包括表中所列要点。3.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

    The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday. Students react to this problem in different ways.

    Some are in favor of staying at home. They say it’s both convenient and comfortable. What’s more,they can set aside money for other purposes. But They will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. However, others prefer to go out traveling as it can enrich their knowledge and broaden their views. But they will spend more money and go through some trouble while traveling.

In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home. Actually I have more reasons for it. When staying at home,I get to do what I like,such as reading books,watching TV,and helping my parents with the housework. In a word, to stay at home is better than to travel.

    模拟练习二

    当前不少文学作品被改编成电影。有人选择看电影，有人则喜欢读原著。请你以 “Film or book, which do you prefer？” 为题，按照下列要点写一篇英语短文：

    1．看电影：省时、有趣、易懂

    2．读原著：细节更多、语言优美

    3．我的看法及理由

    注意：1. 词数100-120，文章题目和开头已给出（不计词数）

           2. 参考词汇： original work 或 book in the original（原著）        

 

Film or book, which do you prefer？

    Some of us think that it is better to see the film than to read the book in the original.  The reason is that it takes less time to understand the whole story. Besides, the film is usually more interesting, and it is easier to follow.

    Others have just the opposite opinion. They think that they can get more detailed information from the original book. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful.

    Personally, I agree with the second view. Actually I have more reasons for it. I think I can stay at home, reading in my quiet and peaceful room, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.

模拟练习三

    当前越来越多的人们关注住房问题。有人喜欢住在传统的房子里，有人喜欢住在公寓里，请你以“Live in a traditional house or live in an apartment”为题，按照下列要点写一篇英语短文。

    1.住在传统的房子里：可以在院子里种花，树，可以养宠物，可以在院子里锻炼身体。

    2.住在公寓里：干净，安全，离工作地方近

    3.我的看法及理由。

注意：词数100-120，文章题目和开头已给出（不计词数）

 

Live in a traditional house or live in an apartment

    Nowadays, more and more people/ a growing number of people pay more attention to their lives. But people differ in their opinions on the matter.

    Some people prefer to live in a traditional house. There might be several reasons, I think. In the first place, you can grow flowers and trees in the yard if you live in a traditional house. Besides, you can keep pets if you like . Finally, people can take exercise/do some work-out in the yard.

However,some people prefer to live in an apartment. On one hand, it is clean and safe. On the other hand, it is close to your work.

    As far as I’m concerned, I prefer living in a traditional house. My reason is that I like enjoying sunlight, especially in winter. Moreover, my grandparents wouldn’t be happy if they live in an apartment. As they argue that it is not convenient for them to have outdoor activities. So I think living in a traditional house is a good and healthy lifestyle .

 

    3．观点论述类议论文（现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法）

    ①导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题

    As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自已的观点是赞成还是反对)

    The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）

    ②正文：第2段：

    First of all… Secondly…Besides…（列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由）

    ③结论：第3段：

In conclusion, I believe that…(照应第1段，构成“总—分—总”结构)

    模拟练习一

    如今世界粮食短缺，价格飞涨，给部分地区造成社会动荡。假设在你校开展的研究性学习中，你们小组以“World Food Crisis”为题进行研究，现在请你代表你们小组向全体同学简要介绍你们的研究成果。主要内容如下：

　　造成的原因 1. 气候变化，造成粮食减产 2. 工业发展，城市化加速，耕地减少 3. 世界能源价格上涨，使用粮食生产生物燃料

　　应对的措施 1. 注重环保，改善生态 2. 严格保护耕地 3. 富国支持穷国，促进世界和谐

　　你如何做出自己的贡献1．…… 2．……

　　注意：1. 内容包括以上要点，但不要逐句翻译 2. 字数150左右，文章开头已提供，不计入总词数3. 参考词汇：城市化urbanization 生物燃料biofuels

 

Hello, everyone,

    Now I’ll tell you something about our research project The World Food Crisis on behalf of our group. As you know, food shortages have hit many countries in the world and even caused social unrest in some areas. But who is responsible for the current world food crisis? First, annual world grains output has declined because of climate change. Then lots of farmland has been lost due to the rapid development of industry and urbanization. Besides, faced with the rising energy prices, people have turned to the production of biofuels, which has worsened the severe situation.

　　Then what should we do to deal with the problem? On one hand, we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand, strict measures should be taken to protect farmland. Of course, to build a harmonious world the developed countries should take their responsibilities to help the poor ones experiencing food shortage.

As for me, I will call on the people around me to live thriftily. And for the moment, I think, we should study hard to develop science and help solve the food shortage in the future.

    模拟练习二

    目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations”。请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。内容要点如下：

 

主要原因	考试偏多、偏难
	不用功、懒惰
	取悦父母、老师
个人看法	作弊不对，违反校规
	要诚实，努力学习
	……（其他看法）

 

 

 

    注意：1．短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥；

　　      2．短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数；

　　      3．词数：100左右。

　　      4．参考词汇：作弊cheat（v.）

　　

My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations

    It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.

　　As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations whichare too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don't work hard at our lessons. So when taking examinations, some students sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it break the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What's more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.

    模拟练习三

    The Most Important Thing in the World / money is everything

　　Directions：

　　A）Title：The Most Important Thing in the World

　　B）提示：有人认为，世界上最重要的东西是“钱”。许多人不同意这个看法。请就这个问题谈谈你的意见。

　　C）Time limit：30minutes

　　D）Word limit：150～200words

E）Your composition must be written clearly on the Composition Sheet.

 

The Most Important Thing in the World

　　In my opinion，the most important thing in the world is TIME. However long one may live，his life consists of a certain number of years，and a year has only12months，a month30days and one day24hours.Once you waste one hour，you can not get it back no matter how much you would pay for it.

　　Even though you are the richest person in the world，you can not afford to waste your time，because it means that you are wasting your life.Even though you are the most powerful person in the world，one hour has60minutes for you just as for everyone else who struggles at the bottom of the society.

　　Some people think that the most important thing in the world is money.In their opinion，if you have enough money，you will have everything you want.I would like to ask them a simple question：Can you buy time？

The only thing with which we can win more time is efficiency.If you work with high efficiency，you can do more in a certain period of time than other people.

    模拟练习四

我国正提倡建设“节约型社会”，下图为某校两个学期用水、用电、用纸的情况。请对其进行简要分析，以“How to build an economized society”为题，写一篇作文，谈谈自己的想法。

 

　　文章须包括以下要点：

　　节电：及时关闭电灯、电脑等用电设备

　　节水：随手关闭水龙头；废水再利用

　　节纸：纸张再利用

　　补充：自己日常生活所感所为

　　留意：

　　1．词数：100～120词，短文标题、开头已给出，但不计入总词数。

2．内容可适当发挥，留意行文贯通。

 

How to build an economized society

　　Our government is aiming to build an economized society．It is everybody's duty to work hard to achieve this goal including us students．

　　To build an economized society, we must keep the following points in our minds. Firstly, make sure that the lights and the electric fans are turned off when there is no one in the room. Set the room temperature at above 26℃. Remember to turn off the computer when you are not using it. Secondly, try to form the habit of turning off the tap after it is used. Use basins when washing faces or vegetables. Thus the water can be used again to clean toilets or water flowers. Thirdly, it will be good enough to use a basket instead of plastic bags when you go to the market. As we know, a basket can be used many more times.

　　In a word, we should try our best to build an economized society.

    模拟练习五

    可持续发展已成为全球共识，如何实行可持续发展是摆在世人面前的重大问题。请就下面表格所提供的内容进行陈述并谈谈你的看法。(江苏省2008年高考全真模拟试卷)

    留意：

　　1．不要逐条翻译。

　　1．可适当发挥

　　2．词数：150左右

　　3．文章的开头部分以给出

　　4．参考词汇：差距gap相关法律relevant laws

　　

　　The idea of sustainable development has been accepted by the world. How to keep sustainable development is a big problem facing our planet.

　　The present situation is worrying. First, natural resources are becoming less than before. Second, as some people are not aware of the importance of the environmental protection, the problems with it remain extremely serious to some degree. The gap between the rich and the poor has the tendency to become wider and wider.

　　To our great joy, many countries have taken action. On one hand, they have made relevant laws and regulations and put large amounts of money to the environmental protection. One the other hand, popularized education as well as international cooperation is being carried out.

　　As for myself, I should take the responsibility to devote myself to sustainable development, our future and the lives of our children and our grandchildren will be in danger.

 

    三、议论文的注意事项

    1. 论点要鲜明，不可含糊其辞；论据要充分，要能充分证明观点的命题性，论据过程要条理清晰。

    2. 文章安排逻辑性要强，推理要严密。

    3. 重在说理，以理服人。

    4. 主要使用现在时态。

    5. 中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文，是一种限定性的写作，其论点、论据和论证都比较明确，有的文章提出问题，如：……为什么？/……怎么办？/……该采取什么措施？考生可以结合题目要求阐述相关的观点，切忌随意发挥。

    四、连贯地连接信息

    1．常用的过渡词（组）

    ⑴表示并列 what’s more, in addition, too ,as well ,besides, furthermore, moreover ,what’s worse.

    ⑵表示因果 therefore, for this reason, thus, consequently.

    ⑶表示转折 but, however, on the contrary, instead, on one hand… on the other hand

    ⑷表示时间顺序 later, afterwards, from then on ,eventually, in the meantime, then, at the same time, after a while, at present, after that, finally

    ⑸表示列举 first, to begin with, secondly, first of all, then, next, finally

    ⑹举例说明 such as, for example, for instance, take… for example

    ⑺表示让步 nevertheless, still

    ⑻表示对比 on the contrary, in contrast, similarly

    ⑼陈述事实 in fact, actually ,as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

    ⑽表示总结 in a word, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, in brief, in summary, in general, all in all

    ⑾表示意义重复 that’s to say, in other words, to put it in another way, to put it differently

    ⑿表示强调 above all, more importantly, indeed, without any doubt

    2．常用的过渡句式有：

    ⑴I do agree with…

    ⑵In some way, I agree with…,but…

    ⑶This point sounds right, but…

    ⑷However, I think…

    ⑸I definitely believe…

    ⑹In my opinion/view…

    ⑺Personally, I feel that…/ Personally, I agree with…

    ⑻As far as I’m concerned,…

    ⑼I can’t agree more with the father. Such cases are often seen in our life

    ⑽Attitudes towards…are various.

    ⑾for one thing. …..for another

⑿last but not the least….

3．表达观点

    4．引用

    俗话说/常言道

    There goes the old saying…       

    As the saying goes…     

    There is a saying…

    As a proverb says…   

    As we all know…

    5．常用句子

    ⑴Different people (students) have different ideas.

    ⑵Different people look at …in different ways.

    ⑶60% of the students hold the view that…    On the other hand, 40% believe that …

    ⑷Opinions on the question are divided as follows:  70% of the students think that…..

      On the other hand, 30% don’t like the idea of….

    ⑸I’d loke to give my opinion about…..

    ⑹There are many advantages in… First,….Second,… Third,… 

      However , there are some disadvantages as well……. Besides,….

    ⑺It would be much better if teenagers know the income of their parents.