Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
exist, in time, in one’s turn, cheer up, now that, break out
1. exist vi. 存在；生存
exist in 存在于…之中
exist on 靠…为生
There exists / existed… 某地有…；存在…
come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在
in existence 存在
eg: The laid-off workers mainly exist on bread and tea.
There exists a good way to solve the existing problem in geography.
Do you know when the new Marriage Law came into existence?
2. in time 及时；终于；总有一天
on time 准时；按时
in no time 立即；马上
at a time 一次；每次
at one time 曾经；一度
at times 有时
ahead of time 提前
for the time being 暂时
take one’s time 别着急；慢慢来
It’s time to do sth. / It’s time that sb did / should do sth.
到了某人做某事的时间
It / This is the first / second…time sb have / has done…
是某人第…次…（完成时）
each / every time + 从句 每次…时
eg: You will succeed in time because you are always working hard.
The doctor came in time to save her life.
Don’t recite all together; one at a time.
The boss ordered us to finish our task ahead of time.
It’s high time that the government made an adjustment on the export drawback system.
3. in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着
in turn 依次；轮流；转而；反过来
by turns 轮流；交替
take one’s turn 轮到某人做…了
turn down 关小；拒绝
turn up 调大；出现
turn off 关(水、煤气或电灯等)
turn on 开(水、煤气或电灯等)
turn to 转向；求助于
turn out 制造出；原来(是)；证明(是)
turn over 翻过(书页)；移交；(使)翻滚
turn in 交出；上缴
eg: We make every effort to make more films, and in turn this creates further environmental pollution.
We kept watch by turns.
He turns to me whenever he has difficulties.
Unexpectedly, the weather turned out pretty nice that day.
The boy tried to join the club, but was turned down.
4. cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
Cheers! 干杯！
cheer sb on (赛跑、比赛等)中以喝彩声鼓励，为(某人)加油
cheerful adj. 快乐的；高兴的
cheering n. 欢呼；喝彩
adj. 令人振奋的；令人高兴的
eg: Cheer up! The news isn’t too bad.
The crowd cheered their favourite horses on.
How cheerful you are today!
Cheering crowds greeted their arrival.
5. now that 既然
辨析now that / because / since / as / for：
1 now that是固定短语，意为“既然；由于”，引出原因状语从句，that可省略。
2 because“因为”，表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。
3 since“既然”（可与now that互换），侧重主句。
4 as“由于”，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。
5 for“因为”，并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首。
eg: Now (that) you are grown-up, you must stop this childish behaviour. (= Since)
He was absent from the meeting because he was ill yesterday.
Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
6. break out 突发；爆发
break down 中止；垮掉；分解；(车辆)抛锚；毁掉
break up 打碎；破碎；分裂；驱散
break away (from) 突然离开；脱离；放弃
break off 中断；折断；突然停止；断绝
break in 闯入；打断
break into 破门而入；突然开始
break through 突围；突破
辨析break out / take place / happen / occur：
1 break out常用于战争、火灾等的爆发；疾病等的突然发生。
2 take place指按意图或计划等进行，无偶然性，无被动语态。
3 happen为普通用语，表示发生带有偶然和意外性。可用于happen to do结构。
4 occur为正式用语，指具体事物时可以和happen互换。另外，occur有“突然想起”的含义。
eg: If another world war should break out, what would become of human beings?
The old car broke down on the way home.
She broke in with some suggestions of her own.
The plane crash occurred only minutes after take-off.
7. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.
1 it作形式宾语，在句中可代替动名词、不定式、从句等。
2 it作形式主语，常用句型有：
It’s + adj. + for sb to do sth对某人来说做某事…
It’s + adj. + of sb to do sth某人如此…而做某事
It’s said / reported / thought that…
据说 / 报道 / 认为…
It’s a pity / a shame / a wonder that…
可惜/ 遗憾 / 奇怪的是…
It happens / appears / seems that…恰巧；好像…
It’s up to sb to do sth该某人做某事
eg: His absence made it difficult to finish the work on time.
We consider it no use arguing with him.
It happened that they were out when we called.
It’s well known to us all that
8. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
1 “A + 倍数+ 形容词或副词的比较级 + than + B”，表示“A比B大（长、宽、高等）多少倍”。
2 “A + 倍数+ as + 形容词或副词的原级+ as + B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。
3 “A + 倍数+ the size / height / length / width, etc. + of + B”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。
4 A + 倍数+ what从句
eg: The output of cars in 2008 is 4 times greater than that of 2007.
My income is twice as much as yours.
My house is twice the size of my parents’.
There are 3 times more books in our library than in yours.
练习：
1. People do not now believe in the of ghosts.
A. birth B. evidence C. existence D. occurrence
2. , I lost heart in English learning, but my teacher often said to me, “Keep on studying hard, and you’ll succeed .”
A. At a time; in time B. At a time; on time
C. At one time; in time D. At one time; on time
3. ---Does he often ask you for help?
---Oh, no, only .
A. all the time B. at one time
C. at a time D. at times
4. He was busy then, so he the task to the secretary.
A. turned to B. turned over
C. turned up D. turned out
5. The good news all the people in the hall.
A. excited B. comforted
C. cheered up D. both A and C
6. 既然大家都已到齐的，我们就开会吧。
7. I’ve heard the music, I understand why you like it.
A. Unless B. Even though
C. Now that D. In case
8. As the president’s car appeared, the waiting crowds loud cheers.
A. broke away B. broke into
C. broke out D. broke down
9. I will appreciate if you can come to my aid tomorrow.
A. that B. that it C. it that D. it
10.
A. more than one and a half times as many gold medals
B. gold medals more than one and a half times as many
C. as more than one and a half times many gold medals
D. more than one and a half times gold medals as many
11. I read in a book of maps before our trip that
A. seven times larger than B. seven times as much as
C. seven times D. seven times of
12. They have produced they did last year.
A. twice more grain as B. twice as much grain as
C. twice as many grain as D. as twice many grain as
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
1—5 CCDBD 6. Now that / Since everyone is here, we can begin the meeting / conference.
7—12 CBDACB
