专题一：句子成分与结构
知识概要
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语或助动词后面。
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
（三）谓语：
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.
He caught up with the others.
2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has gone there.
动词分类：
实义动词（及物动词do, read…不及物动词walk, work…）
助动词（be; do, does, did; has, have, had; must, can…）
系动词（smell, taste, look, feel, sound; go, get, become, turn, grow; come true, fall asleep, remain open, keep silent…）
（四）表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：
（1）简单宾语
I am reading a novel.
（2）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），
I gave him a book.
I bought him a book.
I explained to him that I didn’t know it.
（3）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），
They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
（七）定语：
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。根据位置定语可分为前置定语和后置定语。
Gulling is a beautiful city.（形容词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
（1）修饰动词：通常放在句末；为了强调，可放在句首；放在be，助动词或情态动词之后，其它动词之前。
（2）修饰形容词/副词：放在被修饰的词之前。
（3）地点状语放在时间状语之前。
（4）状语有：时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随、比较……
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
（九）同位语
同位语有主语或宾语同位语；可由名词、代词充当。
He himself investigated the whole thing.
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：
Do they like skating? How old is he?
Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语： He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词： We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语： Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while,等。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
练习二
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）
2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）
3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________? （完成反意疑问）
4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）
5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening. (改为一般疑问句)
6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）
7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）
8. They could hardly believe his words, _______? （完成反意疑问）
9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）
10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）
参考答案：
练习一：
一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；
练习二：
一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句
二、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
