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目标认知
重点词汇
base, command, request, develop, identity, expect, recognize, straight actually,
重点短语
because of, come up, make use of, play a part in, the number of, even if, in the way, more than
重点句型
1．Believe it or not, no such thing...
2. ... do you think...?
知识讲解
【重点词汇】
1. because of
【原句回放】... and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.
【点拨】because of 因为，复合介词，后接名词、代词或宾语从句，在句中作状语。
because 是连词，引导原因状语从句；而because of是复合介词，后跟名词、代词、 动名词或名词性从句。
【拓展】because of的同义短语：
thanks to 多亏，由于，作表语或状语
owing to 由于，作表语或状语
as a result of… 因为……的结果，作状语
due to 由于，一般不用于句首，作表语或状语
on account of 由于，作状语
2. come up
【原句回放】I’d like to come up to your apartment. 我很乐意到你的公寓去。
【点拨】come up (人)走近；（太阳、月亮）上来，上升；被提出，被讨论；（意想不到地）产生，开始； 发芽，长出
The question never came up. 从不曾发生过这个问题。
The sun came up. 太阳升起了。
I’ll tell you if anything comes up. 如果发 生什么事情，我会告诉你的。
He came up and asked me if I knew the time. 他走到我跟前来问我几点了。
Some flowers are just beginning to come up. 花正要长出来。
注意：作“提出”讲时，come up为不及物动词词组，无被动语态；如果要表达“提出……来”，应用come up with…。
【拓展】由come构成的常见短语：
come up with 想出(计划、回答)；作出 反应)；产生
come about 发生
come to 总计；达到
come up to 达到
come out 出来，(书，唱片等)出版，发行
come on 赶快，得了吧
come up against 遇到(困难)；遭到(反对)；与……矛盾
They came up against a number of unexpected problems. 他们遇到了意想不到的难题。
come up to 达到；数到；不负(期望)；合乎(标准等)
Your work doesn’t come up to what I expect of you.
你的工作并没有达到我对你的要求。
come up with 提出(建议)；[口语]找到(答案, 解决办法)
The teacher asked a difficult question, but finally Tom came up with a good answer.
老师出了一道难题，但最终汤姆给出了一个很好的答案。
3. actually
【原句回放】Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. 事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的言语都会有所变化、有所发展的。
【点拨】actually用作副词，意为“实际上，事实上”，相当于in fact：
He looks in high spirit, but actually he was depressed.
他看起来情绪高昂，但实际上却非常沮丧。
actually 竟然，居然
He made that decision actually by drawing lots. 他居然用抽签的方法做出那项决定。
actually还可用于会话，用在不同意或者不满意的情况下，有时不表示具体含义。
4. base
【原句回放】 English was based more on German than the Eh we speak at present. 当时的英语更多地以德语为基础，而我们今天说的不是。
【点拨】 base
1）vt. (to find a basis for; establish) 根据，基于
2）n．(the lowest or bottom part) 基部； (a foundation) 基础；基地
3）base A on/upon B 把A 建立在B的基础上
4）A be based on B A以B为基础
5）be based in 驻扎，设立；以……为基地
base oneself on the interests of the people 从人民的利益出发
He based his hope on the good news we had yesterday.
他把希望寄托在我们昨天得到的好消息上。
This novel is based on fact. 这部小说是以事实为根据的。
5. make use of
【原句回放】 So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. 所以到了17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比之前任何时候都大。
【点拨】 make use of 利用；使用
use前可以加上各种形容词修饰：
make the best (use) of 充分利用(时间等)
make good use of 好好利用
make full use of 充分利用
make better/best use of 更好/最好地利用
be of no use (to sb ) 对……没用
【拓展】
make the most of 充分利用
It’s no use doing sth 做某事没用
It’s no use complaining. 发牢骚没什么用。
6. command
【原句回放】Can you find the following command and request for Reading? 你能从阅读部分找出下列命令和请求吗？
【点拨】command n. & vt. (to order, require) 命令，指挥；(to have knowledge or use of) 把握，掌握
be at/by sb’s command 听某人支配；奉某人之命
under one’s command/under the command of sb 由……指挥
have a good command of 精通，掌握……
command sb to do sth 命令某人干某事
(be) in command of 指挥；掌握；控制
command that… (should) do… 指挥……；命令……
【拓展】
短语have a good command of(精通)中，要注意不定冠词的使用。
command作动词或名词都可以跟从句，后接 that从句时，从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should ＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。
7. request
【原句回放】Can you find the following command and request for Reading? 你能从阅读部分找出下列命令和请求吗？
【点拨】request n．& vt. (the act or requesting/to express a desire for; ask for or demand)请求，要求
She made a request for some water. 她请求给点水。
I requested him to help me. 我请求他帮助我。
at one’s request ＝ at the request of sb 应某人的请求
by request (of) 由于受到……的要求
be in (great) request (大量)需要，受欢迎
request sb (not) to do sth 要求某人做/不做某事
request sth from/of sb 向某人要求某物
request that… (should) do… 请求某人做…… (宾语从句用虚拟语气)
It is requested that… 据要求……
【拓展】request后接 that从句“It is requested that ＋从句”时，从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should ＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。
有类似用法的词还有：坚持(insist)；命令(command, order)；建议(advise, suggest, proposal)；要求(request, require, demand, desire)
【词语辨析】ask, beg与request的区别：
1）若要某人做某事，ask是最通俗、口语化的词。
I asked her to shut the window. 我让她关上窗户。
2）request主要用于较正式的讲话和文字中，常用于通告中，多用于被动语态。
Passengers are kindly requested not to smoke in the car. 乘客请勿在车厢内吸烟。
3）beg指以谦恭的姿态要求给予帮助。
He knew he had hurt her and begged her to forgive him. 他自知伤了她的心而央求她原 谅。[来
8. develop
【原句回放】Will Chinese English develop its own identity? 中式英语会发展出自己的特色吗？
【点拨】develop最基本的含义为“发展，成长”。
Pneumonia(肺炎) can develop very quickly. 肺炎会迅速发展。（develop为不及物动词）
The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills.
这门课程是为帮助学生发展说话技能而设计的。（develop为及物动词）
We've developed the presentation from an original idea by the team leader.
我们的展示是从组长的最初想法中发展起来的。
The argument developed into a bitter quarrel. [来源:学*科*网]
争论发展为充满仇恨的争吵。
翻译：这个地方由一个小渔村发展成为繁荣的（thriving）旅游中心。
The place has developed from a fishing port into a thriving tourist centre.
【拓展】develop a film 冲洗胶卷
develop the mind 启发思维
develop new products 开发新产品
The site is being developed by a London property company. 开发（土地）
这个地方正被房地产公司开发。
development n. 发展
9. identity
【原句回放】
1. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? 中式英语会发展出自己的特色吗？
2. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.
后者会给美式英语拼写一种单独的特征。
【点拨】identity 可以做可数名词和不可数名词，当它被形容词修饰时，可以理解为抽象名词具体化，大部分情况下为不可数名词。
The identity of the killer is still unknown. 杀手的身份不明。
She applied for a teaching job under a false identity. 她用假的身份申请了一份教师工作。
identity card (ID) 身份证
Children need continuity, security, and a sense of identity.
孩子们需要连续感、安全感和自我认同感。
Our strong sense of national identity has been shaped by our history.
我们强烈的民族认同感是由历史形成的。
【拓展】
1）identification n. 身份证明；鉴定
Bring some form of identification, preferably a passport. 带上你的身份证明，最好是护照。
The identification of the accident victims took some time.
事故受害者的鉴定要花一些时间。
2）identify v. 证明 ，鉴别
Can you identify your umbrella among this lot? 你能从这些伞中找出你的伞吗？
10. expect
【原句回放】This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. 这是因为在早期的电台，这些播报新闻的人被期待着讲非常标准的英语。
【点拨】expect在句中意为“期待”， 还可以表表示“预料; 预期；预计”等。
The company expects to complete work in April. 公司预计在四月完成工作任务。
I didn't expect him to stay so long. 我没有预期他待那么长时间。
There's the doorbell - I expect it'll be my mother. 门铃响了，我猜是妈妈。
He didn't get his expected pay rise. 他没有得到预期中的涨工资。
as expected 正如所期待的
As expected, the whole family was shocked by the news.
正如预料，整个家庭被这个消息震惊了。
The officer expects complete obedience from his troops. 这个军官认为军队应彻底服从。
I can't expect her to be on time if I'm late myself. 如果我自己晚了，我不能指望她按时到。
I can't finish this job by Friday. You expect too much of me.
我到周五为止完不成这个工作，你对我要求太高了。
【拓展】
be expecting (a baby/child) 怀孕
I hear Sally's expecting again. 我听说Sally又怀孕了。
expectancy u n. 期望 a look of expectancy 期待的表情
expectant adj. 期望的 an expectant look 期待的表情
11. recognize
【原句回放】 Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects. 虽然许多美国人经常迁移，他们还是能够识别并且理解相互间的方言。
【点拨】recognize vt. (know again; to know to be something that has been perceived before)辨认出；(to accept or be aware of)承认；公认
recognize非延续性动词，不用于进行时；表示“承认某人或某事有效或属实”时，可以与as连用。
recogn ize one’s voice/handwriting/sb 辨认出某人的声音/笔迹/某人
recognize sb/sth as/to be… 承认某人 (物) 是……
be recognized as/to be… 被大家承认/被普遍接受是……
recognize that (从句)… 承认……
It is recognized that… 人们公认……
I recognized her by her red hat. 我通过她的红帽子认出了她。
Everybody recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir.
每个人都承认他是合法继承人。
The firm recognized Tom's outstanding work by giving him an extra bonus.
公司通过给汤姆发奖金表示对他努力工作的认可。
【拓展】
recognition n. 认出，承认；确认；认可
beyond/out of recognition 难以认出
【词汇辨析】recognize，know，realize的辨别
recognize强调通过对记忆的搜索，辨认出原来熟悉的人、物、声音、方位等，常指经过一段时间的间隔后又重新认出来。
know “知道，认识”， 指相互间十分熟悉、十分了解。
realize “意识到”，强调在经过一个过程后的完全了解。强调注意到，了解本质，明白事理。它还有“实现(梦想)”的意思。
12. straight
【原句回放】Well, go round the corner on your left-hand side, straight on and cross two streets. 哦，绕过你左手边的拐角，直行，并穿过两条街。
【点拨】straight 在句中作副词，意为“直接地”。
The book is on the table straight in front of you. 这本书在你正前方的桌子上。
Sit up straight, don’t slouch. 坐直了，别无精打采。
Go straight home and tell your mother. 直接回家，告诉你妈妈。
I think I should get straight to the point. 我想我应该直奔主题。
He's been without sleep now for three days straight. 他已经连续三天没有睡觉了。
I told him straight out that I thought he was lying. 我坦率地告诉他，我认为他在撒谎。
straight作形容词有如下含义：
Try to keep your legs straight. 尽量保持你的腿是直的。
I'd like a straight answer please. 我想要一个坦率的答案。
I wish you'd just be straight with me. 我希望你对我坦率一点。
The team now has an amazing record of 43 straight wins.
这支队伍已经有43次连续胜利的惊人纪录。
Let me get this straight——Tom sold the car and gave you the money.
我直白地说吧：汤姆卖掉车，给你钱。
【大显身手】
1. A _____ road goes ______ from one place to another.
A. straight, straight B. straightly, straightly
C. straight, straightly D. straightly, straight
答案为A，第一空的straight为形容词，第二空的straight为副词，没有straightly这种用法。
【重点短语】
1. play a part/role in
【原句回放】Geography also plays a part in making dialects. 地域在方言的形成中也起了作用。
【点拨】
1）play a part in 在……中起作用；在……中担任角色[来源:学.科.网]
2）play an important role/part in… 在……中起重要作用
3）play the role of sb.(＝play/act the part of sb.) (在剧中) 扮演……角色
4）play the leading role 起(主要)带头作用
He has played all kinds of roles in his life. 他一生中扮演了各种各样的角色。
She played an active part in the local community. 她积极参与当地社区活动。
She played an important role / a major part in winning the match.
她对这场比赛的胜利起了重要作用。
2. the number of …
【原句回放】Today, the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. 现在中国学英语的人数在快速增长。
【点拨】
1）a number of 一些，若干（中心词为of后的名词）
2）the number of … …….的数量（中心词为“数量”，即number）
注意：这两个短语均只接复数名词；它们做主语时，谓语动词的单复数不同。
A number of students in our class like playing football.
我们班有些学生喜欢踢足球。（谓语动词用复数）
The number of students in this hall is 300.
这个大厅里学生的数量为300。 （谓语动词为单数）
The Chinese language has the largest number of speakers in the world.
世界上讲汉语的人数最多。
A great number of people in this area are from other countries.
该地区很多人都是来自外国。
3. even if
【原句回放】Native English speaker can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. 以英语为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。
【点拨】even if/ though 即使、尽管，用来引导让步状语从句。
Even if I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a good time.
尽管在晚会上我谁也不认识，但仍然玩得很开心。
Even though he has nothing else to do, he won’t come to the concert.
即使他没事干，也不会到音乐会来。
【拓展】as if/though 表示“就像……似的，似乎、仿佛”，用于引导方式状语从句或表语从句。从句有时用虚拟语气，be动词经常用were。若从句与主句的动作同时发生，从句中用一般过去时；若从句动作发生在主句动作之前，则从句用过去完成时。
They talked as if they had been friends for many years.
他们谈话亲热，就像交往多年的朋友似的。
It seems as if it was/were summer already. 现在仿佛已经是夏天似的。
4. in the way
【原句回放】However, even on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. 然而，即使在电视和电台上，你也能听出人们说话方式的不同。
【点拨】in the way 是“以……方式”的意思，后面省略了定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词是the way时，其后面的定语从句关系词常用that来代替in which，或省略引导词。
I like the way (that /in which) she organized the meeting. 我喜欢他组织会议的方法。
I like the way (that /in which) the teacher gives his lessons. 我喜欢老师上课的方式。
Commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in China live and work. 从城市到乡村的商业扩张，影响了中国人的生活和工作方式。
【拓展】有关way的短语：
1）by the way 顺便说说；顺便提起
2）by way of 途经
3）go out of one's way 尽力
4）in a way 有几分, 稍微，在某种程度上；有保留地
I like the new styles, in a way. 某种程度上我喜欢这些新款式。
In a way, you're right. 从某一点上看你是对的。
5）in the way 阻碍、阻挡
6）on one's way / on the way 在来、去或旅行的过程中
She is on her way out the door.她往户外走。
Winter is on the way. 冬天就要来到了。
7）in a big way 大规模地; 豪华地; 隆重地
8）in a general way 一般说来, 大体上
9）in a small way 少量地；小规模地, 简朴地
10）in any way 无论如何, 在任何情况下
11）in every way 在各方面, 完全
12）in no way 决不, 无论如何不
13）in one's own way 自行其事, 随心所欲面[来源:Zxxk.Com]
14）lead the way 带路
15）lose one's way 迷路, 迷失方向; 误入歧途
16）miss one's way 迷路, 迷失方向; 误入歧途
5. more than
【原句回放】Do you know that there is more than one kind of English? 你知道有不止一种英语吗？
【点拨】
1）more than 用在数字前，意为“比……多；超过”。
2）more than one意为“不止一个”（语意上为复数，但仍视为单数）。
More than one question was raised at the meeting. 不止一个问题在会上被提出。
3）more than用在名词前，表示程度或加强语气，意为“不仅仅；不只是”，相当于not only。
He is more than a friend to me. He is in a way my English teacher.
他不仅仅是我的朋友，某种意义上他是我的英语老师。
4）more than 分开用在比较状语从句中时，意为“比……更……；与其……倒不如……”。
He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋。
The book seems to be more a picture book than a storybook.
这本书与其说是故事书倒不如说是图画书。
【重点句型】
1. Believe it or not, no such thing...
【原句回放】Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. 信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。
【点拨】
1）believe it or not 信不信由你，为插入语。
Believe it or not，we were left waiting in the rain for two hours.
信不信由你，我们冒雨一直等了两个小时。
常见的插入语还有：to tell you the truth 实不相瞒，实话告诉你；that is to say 也就是说； in other words 换句话说；what’s more 而且，另外；what’s worse 更糟的是……[来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]
2）no such thing = not such a thing
such应放在修饰词no, all, most, some, any, another, many, much, a few, few, little, a little, several, one等之后；如果修饰词为many, much, little（少）, few，不用such用so， so位于这些词前面。
There is no such person as you describe here. 这里没有你说的这样的人。
I don’t have so much money. 我没有这么多钱。
2. .... do you think...?
【原句回放】Which country do you think has the most English learners? 你认为哪个国家学英语的人最多呢？
【点拨】do you think/ believe/ expect/ find/ know/ suppose 作为插入语，放在特殊疑问词后，其它内容紧跟其后并用陈述语序。
What time do you expect we will come and pick you up？你希望我们几点来接你？
What do you suppose he will do after he hears about the good news？
你认为他听到那个好消息后会做什么呢？
Why do you think their team could win the football match?
你认为他们队为什么能赢得那场足球赛呢？
