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目标认知
【重点词汇】
mercy，affect，decrease， loss， reserve，hunt ， contain，certain，appreciate， succeed
【重点短语】
die out，pr otect...from...，pay attention to，in danger
【重点句型】
1.“主语+be+形容词+to do”结构。
2. It will be long before…+从句

知识讲解
【重点词汇】
1. mercy
【原句回放】Farmers hunted us without mercy. 农民们毫不留情的猎杀我们
【点拨】
1）n.  mercy 仁慈；宽容；怜悯
They showed mercy to their enemies.
His death was a mercy.
The ship was at the mercy of the storm.
Mercy (on us)! What a noise!
2）adj. merciful 仁慈的，宽容的。
She was merciful to the prisoners.
This judge is merciless towards anyone found guilty of murder.
3）adv. mercifully
The play was very bad, but mercifully it was also short!
【拓展】
1）at the mercy of sb. /sth.  任……处置；对……无能为力；任由摆布
2）throw oneself on sb’s mercy 指望某人能宽容
3）without mercy  残忍地
2. affect
【原句回放】It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. 它含有一种影响蚊子的强效药物
【点拨】affect  vt. 影响；使感动
The change in climate may affect your health.
Their opinion will not affect my decision.
Cancer had affected his lungs.
We were deeply affected by the news of her death.
She affected a foreign accent.
【词汇辨析】affect/effect/affection
Alcohol affects drivers' concentration.
Alcohol has a very bad effect on drivers.
He felt great affection for his sister.
Africa has always had a special place in my affections.
【拓展】
1）have/produce an effect on 对……有影响
2）come into effect 生效；实施
3）be of no effect 无效的；无用的
3. decrease
【原句回放】If their habitat is threatened or they cannot find enough food，their numbers may decrease．如果它们的栖息地受到威胁或它们不能找到足够的食物，它们的数量就会减少。
【点拨】decrease  v. & n.
1）vi. & vt. 降低，减少，使(变小)
decrease in  在……方面减少
decrease from  在……基础上减少
decrease to  减少到……
decrease by  减少了……
The new unemployment figures have decreased from last month．新的失业人数比上个月有所减少。
The newspaper has decreased in size，but not in quality．
这份报纸虽然版面减少了，但质量并未降低。
The member8 decreased to three hundred．会员减少至300人。
The members decreased by three hundred．会员减少了300人。
2）n. 减少，减少的数量
There has been a steady decrease in population in this city．这个城市的人口在不断地减少。
【拓展】
on the decrease 在减少
【特别提示】
decrease v. 减少
[近]reduce v. 减少
[反]increase v. 增加
4. loss
【原句回放】loss of bamboo growing areas 竹子生长地的丧失
【点拨】
1）[U] 损失；遗失；丧失
Did you report the loss of your jewellery to the police? 你有没有把你丢失珠宝的事告诉警方?
The company suffered a heavy loss as a result of that mistake．因为那次错误，公司损失惨重。
He’ll try his best to make up the loss．他将努力弥补损失。
2）[C] 输，未能赢
   What made him unhappy was the loss of yesterday’s football match．
昨天的足球比赛输了使他很不高兴。
【拓展】
the loss of sth. 损失/丢失/输掉某物
suffer a loss (of) 蒙受损失
make up a loss 弥补损失
at a loss 不知所措，困惑
lose one’s way 迷路
lose oneself 迷路，迷失方向；沉湎于lose one’s balance失去平衡
lose a game/match by ( 以……之差)输掉比赛
be lost in 沉迷于
【联想】(派生)
lose  v. 失去；丢失；损失；输
lost  adj. 丢失的，失去的，输掉的
loser n. 失败者
5. reserve
【原句回放】We drove the car slowly and watched the lions in the nature reserve．我们慢慢驾车观察自然保护区里的狮子。
【点拨】
1）[C]保护区，禁猎区
2）[C]储藏，储备
I must keep a good reserve of energy for tomorrow’s match．我必须为明天的比赛储备充足的体力。
I have little money in reserve．我几乎毫无积蓄。
3）v. 保留
You’d better reserve the money for future need．你最好保留那笔钱以备将来之需。
4）v. (=book)预约，预订
We must reserve two seats in the cinema．我们必须在电影院预订两个座位。
【拓展】
a forest reserve 保护林
a game reserve 禁猎区
in  reserve 储备，备用
without reserve 坦率地，毫无保留地
keep a reserve of...for(=reserve sth. for)保留……以备
reservation  n. 保留地；居留地
reserved  adj. 内向的；说话不多的
unreserved  adj. 未被预订的[来源:Zxxk.Com]
【提示】reserve容易与deserve(应得；值得)混淆。
6. hunt
【原句回放】too much hunting in the 1950s。  20世纪50年代的过度猎杀
【点拨】hunt  v. & n.
1）v. 打猎，猎杀
We’ll go hunting this Sunday morning if weather permits．
如果天气允许的话我们周日上午就去打猎。
The American natives used to make a living by hunting animals．美洲土著人曾靠打猎为生。
2）v. 寻找
Knowing a foreign language sometimes is a must in job hunting．
懂一门外语有时是找工作的必要条件。
3）n. 打猎，寻找
He is on the bunt for a better job．他在寻找更好的工作。
【拓展】
hunting n. (常作动名词和现在分词用)打猎
hunter n. 猎人，狩猎者 
huntress n. 女猎人
go hunting 去打猎     
a hunting dog猎狗
a hunting ground 狩猎场   
hunt for/after 追逐，寻找，搜索
7. contain
【原句回放】It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes．它含有一种影响蚊子的强效药物。
【点拨】contain vt.
1）包含；含有
Sea water contains salt and 11 other minerals．(=Salt and 11 other minerals are contained in sea water．)
   海水中含有盐和其他11种矿物质。
   This book contains all the information you need．这本书包含你所需要的一切资料。
2）容纳
   The hall can contain 500 people．这个大厅能容纳500人。
【辨析】contain/include
1）contain指作为组成部分而被“包含”或“容纳”在内。
2）include指作为整体中的一部分而被包括进去，用于“句子，including+被包括部分”或“句子，被包括部分+included”。
Twenty-three people，including three babies，were injured in the traffic accident．(=Twenty-three people，three babies included，were injured in the traffic accident．)
   包括三个婴儿在内，二十三个人在这次交通事故中受伤。
【拓展】container n. 容器(如瓶，箱，罐)
8. certain
【原句回放】They allowed tourists to hunt only a certain number of animals if they paid the farmers． 如果游客付给农民钱。他们允许游客猎取一定数量的动物。
【点拨】certain adj.
1）确定的，确信的，无疑的
[搭配]
be certain
be certain to do sth. 一定会做某事
be certain of(doing)sth. 对(做)某事有把握
be certain that…确信……
   He is certain to pass the exam. =It is certain that he wilt pass the exam．他肯定能通过考试。
   I’m certain of his success. =I’m certain that he will succeed．我确信他会成功。
2）未指明的，若干，一些
   for a certain reason为了某种理由
   I have a certain hesitation．我有些犹豫。
   I’m certain that a certain Mr. Smith is asking for you. 我确定有个史密斯先生在找你。
【拓展】
   make certain that... 弄清楚，弄明白……
   for certain确定；无疑
   to a certain extent在一定程度上
【词汇辨析】sure/certain
易混词 辨析 例句
sure “一定，确信”，一般用语，表示主观愿望或信念，一点也不怀疑。 I felt for a time sure of his dishonesty，but this letter makes me certain of his honesty．我一度认为他不诚实，但这封信使我相信他是诚实的。
certain 语气比sure强，通常表示有明确的理由或不容置疑的事实依据。 
【特别提示】
sb. be sure / certain that.. .
It’s certain that...
sb. be sure to do sth.
【词汇辨析】some/certain
易混词 辨析 例句
some 表示不知道具体是哪一个，不可以接复数名词，如果接复数名词则表示“一些”，而不是“某个”。 I’ve read that story before in some book．我以前曾在某书中读过那个故事。(说话人记不起书名了)
certain 表示知道是某一个但不明确指出，后接复数名词。a certain等于some，后接可数名词单数。 I’ve read that story before in a certain book．我以前曾在某书中读过那个故事。(说话人可能记得书名，但没讲出来)
9. appreciate
【原句回放】You should pay more attention to the rainforest where I live and appreciate how the animals live together．你们应该多关注我生活的热带雨林。并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的。
【点拨】appreciate v.
1）(不用于进行时)欣赏，赏识；重视
   You can’t really appreciate foreign literature in translation．
看翻译作品很难真正欣赏到外国文学原著的美妙之处。
   Her family doesn’t appreciate her．她的家人不重视她。
2）(不用于进行时)感激，感谢，欢迎
   I would appreciate it if you paid in cash．假如你支付现金，我将不胜感激。
   Your support is greatly appreciated．十分感谢你的支持。
[搭配]
   I would appreciate it if... 如果……，我将不胜感激。
【特别提示】
1）appreciate后不接to do作宾语，可接doing或名词、代词。
2）appreciate通常不用于进行时态中。
10. succeed
【原句回放】What must be done if wildlife protection is to succeed?
             如果野生生物保护得以成功，必须做什么?
【点拨】succeed  v. 成功，达到目的
[搭配]
succeed in(doing) sth．成功地做了某事
   The plan has succeeded．这个计划成功了。
   He succeeded in(passing) the entrance examination．他成功地通过了升学考试。
【拓展】
success  n. 成功，成就；成功的人或事
successful  adj. 成功的
successfully  adv. 成功地

【重点短语】
1. die out
【原句回放】As a result these endangered animals may even die out．结果，这些濒危的动物甚至可能会灭绝。
【点拨】die out
1）(动植物物种)灭绝
This kind of bird is dying out．这种鸟快要灭绝了。
2）(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失，消灭
Many traditional customs have died out because they are out of date．
因为已经过时，许多传统风俗已经消失。
3）(火)逐渐熄灭
The fire is dying out and you’d better add some firewood．火快灭了，你最好添点柴火。
【拓展】
    die away(声音、光线、风等)逐渐平息，渐弱
die off(家庭、种族等)相继灭亡，(草木)先后枯死
die down(火、兴奋程度等)渐弱，渐息；(=die away)(光线、声音等)变弱，消失
die from 因……致死(外因，常指情感、疾病之外的原因造成的死亡)
die of 因……而死，死于……(内因，常指情感、疾病等原因造成的死亡)
die a...death 死得……(death 前可用形容词)
【词汇辨析】die away/die out/die off/die down
易混短语 辨析 例句
die away (声音、光线、风等)逐渐平息，渐弱 The wind had died away by dusk．黄昏时风逐渐停息了。
die out (家庭、物种等)死亡、灭绝 Many old customs are gradually dying out．许多旧习俗在日渐消失。
die off (家族、种族等)相继死去；(草木)先后枯死 The leaves of the tree are dying off．树上的叶子正相继枯死。
die down (火、兴奋程度等)渐弱、渐息；(=die away)(光线、声音等)变弱、消失 The noise had died down．
喧闹声逐渐消失了。
2. protect...from...
【原句回放】I’m protecting myself from mosquitoes．   我使自己不被蚊子叮咬。
【点拨】protect...from... 保护……使不受……(伤害)，相当于protect...against...，from / against是介词，后接名词、代词、动名词。
He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight．
他戴着太阳镜以遮挡强烈的太阳光线。
   A new material was painted to protect the roof from rain．涂上一种新材料以使屋顶防雨。
【拓展】
keep sb. from doing
   stop sb. (from)doing
prevent sb. (from)doing阻止某人做
be kept / stopped / prevented from doing 被阻止做(from不能省)
3. pay attention to
【原句回放】You should pay more attention to the rainforest where I live and appreciate how the animals live together．你们应该多关注我生活的热带雨林。并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的。
【点拨】pay attention to中attention没有复数，其前可以用修饰不可数名词的数量词，不能用冠词、所有格等限定词，to是介词，后接名词、代词、动名词作宾语。
A great deal of attention has been paid to protecting the environment．
人们已经对保护环境投入很多注意力了。
   You speak English well，but you’d better pay more attention to your written English．
   你英语讲得很好，但最好对书面英语多加注意一下。
【拓展】
May I have your attention，please?(=Attention，please!) 请注意!
   draw／attract／catch／get one’s attention to 吸引某人对某事的注意
    fix／focus one’s attention on 将注意力集中于
   devote one’s attention to 专心致志于
   listen／watch with attention 注意听／观察
   Stand at attention．(=Attention!)立正!
【提示】以上短语中的to，on皆为介词，后接名词、代词、动名词。
4. in danger
【原 句回放】Why are they in danger of disappearing? 它们为什么处于灭绝的危险中?
【点拨】in danger处于危险中
The little boy was once in danger of losing his sight．Which doctor helped him out of danger?
那小男孩曾经处于失明的危险中，是哪位医生帮助他脱离危险的?
【词汇辨析】dangerous/in danger
1）dangerous是指人、物、事态可能引起危险，对别人构成威胁。
2）in danger是指人或物本身处于危险中，受到外来的威胁。
【提示】danger表示抽象意义的“危险”时，是不可数名词，表示具体意义“危险的人/物”时，是可数名词。
【拓展】
dangerous adj. 危险的       safe(反义)adj. 安全的
danger n. 危险             safety(反义)n. 安全
endanger v. 危及          
endangered adj. 濒危的
in no danger 没有危险     
out of danger脱离危险
full of danger充满危险
help...out of danger 帮助……脱离险境
There is a danger of... 有……的危险
a danger to... 对……很危险

【重点句型】
1.“主语+be+形容词+to do”结构。
【原句回放】When scientists inspected the bones，they were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also climb trees．科学家们观察他们的骨头时，惊奇地发现它们不仅跟其他恐龙一样能跑。而且还能爬树。
【点拨】they were surprised to find是“主语+be+形容词+to do”结构。
1）“主语+be+形容词+to do”这一结构中的形容词往往是表示心理活动的，接不定式时，不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，主动用to do；被动用to be done。
   I’m so glad to meet you here．很高兴在这里见到你。
   Your parents will be pleased to receive your present．你父母将很高兴收到你的礼物。
2）“主语+be+形容词+to have done”强调动作完成或在过去发生。
John Was pretty surprised to have received such an invitation．
收到这样一份请柬，约翰感到相当惊奇。
   We were disappointed to have been told that the match had been cancelled．
被告知比赛取消的消息后，我们很失望。
3）“主语+be+形容词”后也可以接从句。
The teacher Was angry that all the students had made the same mistake．
老师很生气因为所有的学生都犯了同样的错误。
【拓展】
用于这一句式结构的形容词有surprised，moved，disappointed，pleased，happy，sad，delighted，sorry，interested，glad，worried，eager，anxious，angry等。

2. It will be long before…+从句
【原句回放】They lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago，long before humans came into being and their future seemed secure at that time．它们生活在人类还未出现的数千万年以前，那时它们的未来看起来一片光明。
【点拨】long before 早在---很久之前
It will be long before+从句（一般现在时），表示“要过很久才---” ；如果表示 “没过多久就---”，在will 后加not ; It was long before+从句（一般过去时，过去将来时），表示“过来很久才---”
How long will it be before leaves the army ? 还要多长时间才能离开军队（退役）?
It will not be long before we can meet again. 离我们下次再见面的时间不会很久。
Well now! It will not be long before he's marry to one of the gal here.
嗯，这一来，不久他就要和这里一位女士结婚了。
【拓展】
1）before long 不久以后，相当于soon after, shortly after. 它既可以指将来，也可以指过去，所以可与过去时或将来时连用。
I hope to go there before long. 我希望不久就能去那儿。
2）long ago 很久以前