[图文]【高一同步教程】高中英语必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy知识点精讲
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【高一同步教程】高中英语必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy知识点精讲
作者:admin    同步辅导来源:本站原创    点击数:220    更新时间:2016/3/27


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目标认知
【重点词汇】
explode,escape ,depend ,encourage,violent,presence,allow,lay,exist,remain,prevent,force,pull,cheer,exhaust,warn,possible
【重点短语】
in one’s turn,in time,a bit of
【重点句型】
1)“be to+动词原形”的用法
2)it作形式宾语
3)whether的用法

知识讲解
【重点词汇】
1. explode
【原句回放】It exploded loudly with fire and rock.
【点拨】
1)explode  (v.) 爆炸,爆发
explode with anger 勃然大怒
   explode into laughter 放声大笑
   the exploding world population迅速增长的世界人口
2)explosion  (n.) 爆炸
3)explosive (adj.)易爆的;(n.) 爆炸物;炸药;迸发(感情);(人口等)突增
【完成句子】
1)Two bombs ________ (爆炸) in front of the park gate,causing two deaths.
2)Suddenly Charles _______________________ (勃然大怒).
3)There will be no standing room on the earth  ________________________________________ (由于激增的世界人口).
2. escape
【原句回放】They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevent heat from escaping from the earth into space.
【点拨】escape  (v.) 逃跑,逃避;(n.) 逃脱
作为动词,常用于下列结构或短语中:
1)escape from... 从……逃走
2)escape sth. 逃避某事
3)escape doing sth. (不能接to do形式)逃避做某事
4)sth. escape sb./sb.’s attention/sb.’s notice 某物没引起某人的注意;某人没记住某物
【翻译句子】
1)这个男孩逃过了处罚,真幸运。
____________________________________
2)我想不起这个单词。
____________________________________
3)四个罪犯从监狱中逃出来了。
____________________________________
3. depend
【原句回放】Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
【点拨】depend (v.) 依靠,依赖
1)depend on/upon sb./sth./v.¬ing 依赖,依靠,信赖
   depend on sb. to do sth. 依靠/相信某人做某事
   depend on sb./sth. for sth. 靠某人供给某物
   depend on sth./wh¬ 视……而定,取决于……
   depend on it 常用于句首或句末,意为“请放心,没问题”
   It/That (all) depends. 那得看情况而定。
2)depend on=count on=rely on sb. 信任/相信/依赖/依靠
   believe sb.相信某人(所说的话)
   believe in sb.相信/信任/信赖某人
   trust (in) sb.相信/信任/信赖某人
4. encourage
【原句回放】They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen,which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.(P26)它们繁殖起来就使得海洋充满了氧气,这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。
【点拨】 encourage vt.
1)鼓励,鼓舞encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事
2)激励,促进High prices encouraged farming.高价格刺激了农业。
【拓展】
1)encouraging adj. 令人鼓舞的
2)encouragement n. 鼓舞,鼓励
3)courage n. 勇气
4)discourage vt. 使泄气
5)discouraging adj. 令人泄气的,令人沮丧的
6)discourage sb. from doing阻止某人做……
5. violent
【原句回放】The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(P25)地球(开始)变得激烈动荡,不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
【点拨】violent  adj.
1)剧烈的,猛烈的,使用暴力的
   a violent attack 猛烈的攻击
   He gave the man a violent blow.他给了那个人猛烈的一击。
2)(人)暴力的,粗暴的
   He was violent when he got drunk.他喝醉后很粗暴。
【拓展】
1)violence n. 暴力,猛烈
2)violently adv. 激烈地,粗暴地
6. presence
【原句回放】What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(P26)很多科学家相信,由于地球上长期有水存在,它使得地球把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
【点拨】presence  n.存在;出席,在场
【常用结构】
1)in the presence of sb.= in sb’s presence当着某人的面;有某人在场
2)presence of mind危难中镇定自若;遇事不慌
3)lose one’s presence of mind心慌意乱
Your presence is requested.敬请光临。
She asked them not to discuss the matter in her presence.
她请求他们不要当着她的面讨论这个问题。
【拓展】
1)present adj. 出席的,在场的;现在的,当前的
2)absence n. 缺席,不在场
3)absent adj. 缺席的,不在场的
4)absent-minded adj.心不在焉的
5)be absent from school / work / a meeting不上学/上班/到会
7. allow
【原句回放】What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(P26)很多科学家相信,由于地球上长期有水存在,它使得地球把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
【点拨】allow v. 允许,许可
1)doing sth. 允许做某事
2)allow + sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
3)allow sb. sth. 允许某人某事
My boss doesn’t allow me to use the telephone.我的老板不允许我使用电话。
   Passengers are not allowed to smoke.乘客不得吸烟。
   We don’t allow smoking in our house.我们不允许有人在我们家里吸烟。
   Their teacher allowed them three days for the assignment.他们的老师给他们三天时间完成作业。
8. lay
【原句回放】They produced young generally by laying eggs.(P26)它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。
【点拨】lay v. 下蛋,放置
lay the book on the table把书放在桌上
The hens are not laying well.现在那些母鸡不爱下蛋。
【拓展】lay的相关短语:
1)lay off(暂时)解雇
2)lay out展开;布局,安排
3)lay down放下
4)lay aside把……放一边
5)lay sth. up储备某物
6)lay sth. on供应某物
【易混辨析】注意下列动词的过去式、过去分词及现在分词形式:
动词原形 词义 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
lie 说谎 lied lied lying
lie 躺,位于 lay lain lying
lay 放置,产卵 laid laid laying
9. exist
【原句回放】They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(P26)它们也生蛋,在地球上生存了1.4亿多年。
【点拨】 exist vi. 存在;生存
【拓展】
1)existence  n. 存在
2)existing  adj. 目前的,现存的
3)come into existence开始存在
4)in existence存在
the most magnificent bridge in existence现有的最雄伟的大桥
10. remain
【原句回放】Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.(P26)它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。
【点拨】 remain  link v. 保持不变,仍是
【常用结构】
    
    remain modest and prudent保持谦虚谨慎
    I went to the city,but my brother remained at home.我去了城市,可弟弟留在了家里。
    In spite of their quarrel,they remained the best of friends.
    他们尽管吵过架,却仍不失为最好的朋友.
【拓展】
1)remains n. 剩余物,废墟
2)remaining adj. 剩余的(作前置定语)
the remaining money剩下的钱
【温馨提示】remain不能用于被动结构。
11. prevent
【原句回放】... which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(P26)……这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。
【点拨】
1)prevent v. 阻止,预防
Vitamin C is supposed to prevent colds.维生素C被认为能预防感冒。
They came in time to prevent an accident.他们及时赶到避免了一场事故。
【拓展】“阻止某人/某物做某事”的表达方法:
prevent sb. /sth. (from)doing sth.
stop sb. /sth. (from)doing sth.
keep sb. /sth. from doing sth.
Who prevents their plans(from) being carried out? 谁阻止他们的计划被实施?
2)escape  v. & n. 逃脱,避开,溜走;安全出口
   escape from... 逃离……
   escape doing... 逃避……
   escape from prison越狱
   escape being punished=escape punishment 逃脱被惩罚,免受惩罚
   Gas is escaping from the pipe.煤气正从管中溢出。
   We were lucky to escape being punished.我们很幸运,没有受罚。
12. force
【原句回放】Before we left,Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey...(P30)在我们离开之前,李彦平解释说旅途中引力将变化三次……
【点拨】force
1)n.
暴力,武力 by force 用暴力,用武力
部队;兵力 the air force空军
2)vt. 强迫 force sb. to do / into doing强迫某人做……
The soldiers took the prisoners away by force.士兵们强行把犯人带走了。
He forced himself to speak to her.他硬着头皮和她搭话。
【拓展】
1)put...into force使……生效
2)come into force生效,实施
3)force the door open强行打开门
4)force a smile勉强一笑
When do the new safety rules come into force? 新的安全规则何时生效?
13. pull
【原句回放】... because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth’s gravity.(P30)……因为我们正在努力脱离地球的引力。
【点拨】 pull
1)n. 拉(力),引力
the pull of the earth地球的引力
   He gave a strong pull at the rope.他用力拉了拉绳子。
2)vt. 拉,牵
Pull the door open.Don’t push it.把门拉开。不要推。
【拓展】pull相关短语:
1)pull sb. up把某人往上拽
2)pull apart把……拉开
3)pull down拆毁
4)pull in(车)停下,(车)到站;(船)到岸
5)pull off(=take off)脱去,驶离(道路至路边停下)
6)pull over(车辆)停在路边
7)pull out(火车)驶出车站
8)pull on(=put on)穿上
9)pull through(使)渡过危机/难关
14. cheer
【原句回放】I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin...(P31)我立刻感到很高兴。由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去……
【点拨】 cheer
1)n. 愉快,激励,欢呼
2)vi. 欢呼,喝彩
They cheered loudly.他们大声欢呼起来。
3)vt. 使高兴,使振奋  
cheer sb. 使某人高兴起来 
cheer up感到振奋,感到高兴
He’s always full of cheer in summer.夏天他总是高高兴兴的。
The good news of our football team winning the game cheered up everybody who heard it.
我们足球队获胜的喜讯使每一个听到的人都感到高兴。
15. exhaust
【原句回放】That was very exhausting but very exciting too…(P31)真是精疲力竭了,但也很激动人心……
【点拨】exhaust  vt. 使疲惫不堪;耗尽
exhaust the supply of water耗尽供水
   exhaust one’s patience/strength 失去耐性/用尽力气
   The long cycle ride exhausted her.她因长途骑车而疲惫不堪。
【拓展】exhausting adj. 令人疲倦的
   The hard work is exhausting.艰苦的工作令人疲惫。
16. warn
【原句回放】The spaceship warned Li Yanping and me to be ready...(P66) 飞船警告我和李彦平做好准备……
【点拨】 warn v. 警告
【常用结构】
1)warn sb. of/about/against(doing) sth.警告某人当心某事
2)warn sb. to do/not t0 do sth. 警告某人做/不要做某事
3)warn sb. +that从句警告某人……
   She has been warned of the danger of driving the car in that state.
已经警告过她,汽车那样开起来有危险。
   They warned her that if she did it again she would be sent to prison.
   他们警告她说她再这么做就把她关进监狱。
   They were warned not to climb the mountain in such bad weather.
   已经劝过他们天气这么坏不要攀登那座山。
【拓展】warning   n. 警报,警告
17.possible
【原句回放】This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.(P26)这就产生了连锁反应。使得生命有可能开始发展了。
【点拨】possible adj. 可能的
【易混辨析】possible/probable/likely
① 含义的不同
   possible指客观上有可能性,但往往含有希望很小的意味。
   probable比possible可能性大,表“很可能、大概”,指有实际依据或逻辑上的合情合理。
   likely指从外表迹象进行判断有可能。
② 句型搭配不同
   It is possible / probable / likely + that从句
   sb. is likely to do sth.(不能用possible/probable)
   It is possible for sb. to do sth.
   as...as possible
   It is possible for me to do it.我可能做那件事。(不能说I’m possible to do it.)
   He made it possible for me to do it.他使我可能做这件事。(不能说He made me possible to do it.)
   He is likely to come.=It is likely that he will come.他可能来。(不能说It is likely for him to come.)
   I need to see you fight away,if possible.可能的话,我要马上看到你。
【温馨提示】
① 名词前有all,every,the only,the best及其他形容词最高级修饰时,possible宜置于名词之后,作后置定语。如:
   This is the only way possible.这是唯一可行的方法。
② (√)I’ll study as hard as possible(as I can).
   (×)I’ll study hard as possible as I can.

【重点短语】
1. in one’s turn
【原句回放】Thus they have,in their turn,become the most important animals on the planet.(P26)于是,他们接着成为这个行星上最重要的动物。
【点拨】in one’s turn轮到某人
The increase of production in turn influences their income.产量增加反过来影响了他们的收入。
   The girls called out their names in turn.那些女孩儿逐一报出自己的名字。
   We did the work by turns.我们是轮流做这项工作的。
【拓展】
   It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到/该某人做某事
   in turn依次;反之,反过来
by turns轮流;交替地
2. in time
【原句回放】They were in time to produce carbon,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases,which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.(P25)最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体,从而形成了地球的大气层。
【点拨】in time
1)迟早;最后You’ll succeed in time.
2)及时in time for sth. / in time to do
   They were just in time for the bus.他们及时赶上了公共汽车。
   We arrived at the concert hall in good time.我们及时到达音乐厅。
【拓展】time相关词组:
ahead of time提前
   all the time一直
   at any time在任何时候
   at no time在任何时候都不
   in no time立刻
   at a time一次,每次
   at one time曾经,同时
   at the same time同时
   from time to time时不时地,偶尔
   on time准时
   take one’s time从容不迫,不着急
as time goes on随着时间的推移
3. a bit of
【原句回放】... walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.(P31)……既然重力改变了,走路也的确需要练一练了。
【点拨】a bit of
【易混辨析】a bit/a little/a bit of
1)a bit of+不可数名词=a little+不可数名词
2)a bit+形容词、副词原级或比较级 =a little+形容词、副词原级或比较级
【拓展】
not a little=very非常
   not a bit=not at all一点儿也不
   quite a bit很多,相当多
   quite a little=much很多
   for a bit=for a little=for a while=for a short time一会儿
   Tom has a little money.=Tom has a bit of money.汤姆有一点钱。
   We need a bit / a little more time.我们需要多一点的时间。
4. break out
【原句回放】We watched,amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.(P31)我们惊奇地看着,随着地球引力的增加,太空船的外层燃烧起火。
【点拨】break out(战争、瘟疫、火灾等)爆发
【拓展】break相关短语:
break down出故障,(身体)垮掉;打破,破除
   break into闯入,突然……起来
   break away挣脱,逃脱;脱离,背离
   break off(使)断开,折断
   break the rules违反规则
   break the records打破纪录
   The telephone system,has broken down.电话系统失灵了。
   His house was broken into last week.上星期有人闯入他的房子。
   Fire broke out during the night.夜间突然发生了火灾。

【重点句型】
1. “be to+动词原形”的用法
【原句回放】What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago...(P25)随后它会变成什么没人能知道,直到38亿至45亿年前……
【点拨】 “be to+动词原形”的用法
1)表示按计划或安排要做的事。
When are you to leave for home? 你什么时候回家?
2)表示命中注定要发生的事。
He was to become a pianist after so many years of hard work.
   这么多年的艰苦训练之后他注定会成为一个钢琴家。
3)表示“应该”,相当于should,ought to。
   You are to report to the police.你应该报警。
4)表示“必须”,相当于must,have to。
   You are to finish your homework before you watch TV.看电视之前你得先做完作业。
【拓展】
be about to do正要去做,常与when引导的状语从句连用。
2. whether的用法
【原句回放】The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(P25)地球(开始)变得激烈动荡,不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
【点拨】whether在本句中引导主语从句,该从句还可变为:whether the shape would last or not was not clear。Whether --- or not还可用于其他的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)或状语从句中。
Tell me whether or not you’re interested./Tell me whether you’re interested or not.
   告诉我你有没有兴趣。
   Whether or not it rains / Whether it rains or not,we’re playing football on Saturday.
 无论下不下雨,我们星期六都将踢足球。
3. it作形式宾语
【原句回放】This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.(P26)这就产生了连锁反应,使得生命有可能开始发展了。
【点拨】it作形式宾语
句中it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是life to develop,possible作宾语补足语。常用于此结构的词还有think,feel,find,consider等。构成:
 
He feels it his duty to help me.他觉得帮我是他的责任。

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