Ⅰ 阅读
【知识点精讲】
1. calculate v.
(1) 计算 eg: Our price has already been closely calculated. There is no room for reduction.
(2) 估算，推算，认为 eg: I calculate you’ll get there in time.
(3) 计划，安排，打算 eg: The machine is not calculated for such use.
2. simplify vt.使简易，简化 eg: The English in this story has been simplified to make it easier to understand.
simplify = simple (简单的，朴素的) + fy，fy是一个动词后缀，意为“make，form into，make similar to使……，使成为……，……化”
eg: purify 净化 beautify 美化 intensify 强化 classify 分类 citify 使都市化
simple adj. 简单的 adv. 简单地
simplicity n. 简单，单纯
simplified adj. 简易的，简化的
3. solve vt. 解答，解决 eg: solve a problem / puzzle 解决问题 / 疑惑 to solve a crime 解释犯罪行为
4. reality n. 事实，现实 eg: However, this reality also worried my designers.
bring sb back to reality 使某人面对现实，不再抱有幻想
in reality = in fact 事实上
describe a scene with reality 逼真地描写情景
5. personal adj.
(1) 私人的，个人的 eg: personal computer / property a personal letter / friend
(2) 亲自的，本人的 eg: personal call 亲身拜访
(3) 身体的，外貌的 eg: personal appearance 容貌 personal beauty 仪表之美
personally adv.
(1) 亲自地 eg: She saw to the comforts of her guests personally.
(2) 就本人而论 eg: Personally, I think he is dishonest, but many people trust him.
6. totally adv. (= completely) 完全地，彻底地 eg: They come from totally different families.
total (1) adj. 完全的；总计的；全体的 eg: I want total silence.
(2) n. 总数，总计 eg: What does the total come to?
in total = in all 总共，加起来
the total of… ……的总数
a total of 总共 eg: His expenses reached a total of $ 100.
7. application n.
(1) 应用 eg: Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.
(2) 适用 eg: This has no application to the case.
(3) 正式申请，书面申请 eg: an application for admission (to school)
apply
(1) 请求，申请 eg: I’ll apply for the job in your company.
apply for 申请，请求
apply to sb for sth 向某人申请某物
(2) 应用，适用 eg: The new technology was applied to farming.
apply sth to… 把……应用于……
(3) 涂；敷；施 eg: Apply the suntan oil to your face and neck.
applicant n. 申请人；应征人；投保人 eg: an applicant for a position 求职者
8. mobile adj. 可动的；非固定的；(用车辆拖载)流动的 eg: The mobile medical team will soon be here.
immobile adj. 不能移动的，固定的
9. explore v. 探测，探索，研究 eg: Have you really explored your nearest town?
explore for oil 勘探石油
explore the possibilities 探索可能性
10. anyhow adv. 不管怎样，反正(常用于肯定句中)；无论如何(常用于否定句中)
eg: Anyhow, let’s forget about that for the moment.
【辨析】不定副词anyhow 与anyway的区别和联系：
(1) “无论如何，不管怎样，反正，尽管如此”。在作此意解时，二者一样，都是让步状语，一般位于句中(其前常有连词but)或句末。 eg: The shop is closed now, anyhow. It’s too late now, anyway.
(2) “况且，更何况，再说”。在作此意解时，二者一样，都用作状语，用来对前边的话作补充，给出一个更加让人信服的理由。这时，anyhow常出现在句首或最后的分句之首(位于分句之首时其前常有连词and)，而不可出现在句末。
eg: ---How about going downtown this morning?
---Well…, it’s a bit too cold outside. And anyhow / anyway, I’ve got to do some housework.
(3) “粗心的；随意的”，在作此意解时，只能用anyhow eg: He made notes anyhow in the margin.
11. goal n.
(1) 目标；目的；目的地 eg: Anyhow, my goal is to provide human with a life of high quality.
one’s goal in life 某人的生活目的 / 目标 a common goal 一个共同的目标
(2) (足球等的)球门 keep goal 守球门
(3) 进球，得分 get / make / sore a goal 得一分，踢进一个球 win by two goals 以两球获胜
12. from…on 从……(时间)以来，从……时起
eg: From then on, I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower.
from now on 从今以后 from then on 从那时起 from among 从……之中……
from before 从……以前…… from behind 从……以后…… from beneath 从……下面……
from within 从……的内部里面…… from…till / to… 从……到……
from the beginning to the end 从头至尾
13. as a result (of sth) = because of… 由于……的原因，(某件事情的)结果是……；因此
eg: I was very busy. As a result, I couldn’t take care of her.
in result 结果，因此 in the result 后果，结果 meet with good results 取得好结果
obtain / produce results 产生结果，获得结果 with the result that 结果是，因此，从而
without result 无效地，豪无结果地 result from (因……)发生 result in 导致
eg: I was late, with the result that I missed Miss Yu’s lively English class. What a pity!
【辨析】as a result，as a result of与 because of的区别：
(1) as a result of与 because of都表示引出原因，意思上没有什么区别，不过前者强调的是结果，后者强调的是原因。
eg: He studied hard, as a result, he got a high mark in the final exams.
Because of his hard studied, he got a high mark in the final exams.
(2) as a result后加结果；as a result of后加原因。
eg: He was hurt in the accident. As a result, he was in hospital for a week.
He was in hospital as a result of his injuries.
14. so…that… 如此……以至于…… eg: The street was so crowded that our car had to go very slowly.
为了表示强调，so位于句首，这时后面跟动词的倒装形式。
eg: So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off.
【辨析】so…that与 such…that的异同：
(1) such是形容词，用于形容词 + 名词结构之前。
eg: They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house
(2) so是副词，用于副词或不带名词的形容词之前。
eg: Their dog was so fierce that no one dared to come near it.
(3) 但such不能用于much / many / few / little之前，而so可用于后跟名词的much/ many/ few/little之前
eg: So many people complained that they took the programme off.
(4) 注意：such + a + 形容词 +名词可由so + 形容词 + a + 名词来代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man来代替。这只能在名词前面有a / an的情况下使用。
15. share…with… 与……分享…… eg: Would you like to share your experience with the rest?
16. In 1936 my real father, Alan Turing, wrote a book about how I could be made to work as a “universal machine” to solve any difficult mathematical problem.
在该句中my real father 是主语，Alan Turing 作my real father 的同位语，后面how I could be made to work as a “universal machine” to solve any difficult mathematical problem是介词about的宾语从句。宾语从句中包含的动词不定式to solve any difficult mathematical problem作目的状语。
在let，make，have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。
eg: I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it.
17. As time went by, I was made smaller. = With time going by, I was made smaller.
在本句中，as用作连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“随着……”
as引导的时间状语从句一般分三种情况：
(1) 某事一发生，另一件事就立即发生。 eg: As the sun rose, the frog dispersed.
(2) 在某事发生的过程中另一件事发生。
eg: I heard the murmur of their voices as I crossed the hall. (两个动作都是同样的时态)
Just as he was speaking, there was a loud explosion. (从句用进行时态)
(3) 两个动作同时发生。 eg: He smiled as he passed. (两个动作都是短暂动作)
We get wiser as we get older. (随着时间的变化而变化)
go by 从……旁边经过，(时间)过去，顺便走访 eg: Don’t let the opportunity go by.
go after 追求；go against 反对；go over 检查，复习；go out 熄灭go through 遭受，经历；go in for 从事，爱好
18. …until in the early 1960s they gave me a family connected by a network.
connected by a network 是一个过去分词短语作后置定语，也可看成是省略句，相当于一个定语从句that was connected by a network。
eg: They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
另外，-ed分词也可以作前置定语，此时，分词与名词之间有两种语义关系：一种是分词表示动作完成；一种是分词表示被动意义。
eg: He is a retired worker.
This is a newly-developed device.
Ⅱ 语言学习
【知识点精讲】
1. artificial adj.
(1) 人造的；人工的 ( = man-made ) eg: artificial flowers 假花 artificial light 人造光
(2) 做作的，不自然的 eg: artificial manners 矫揉造作的态度
2. intelligent adj. 有才智的，聪明的
eg: an intelligent reader理解力强的读者 an intelligent being有智力的动物 intelligent reply巧妙的答复
intelligence n. 智力，才智 a boy who shows little intelligence 智力低下的男孩
eg: Use your intelligence, and you’re sure to achieve something.
intelligently adv. 聪明地
3. reality n. 真实，现实，实在 eg: …but in reality he has a long way to go.
to escape from reality 逃避现实 make sth a reality 实现某事，落实
4. work out
(1) 得出，算出 eg: ---How much do I owe you? ---I haven’t worked it out yet.
(2) 制订出，产生 eg: We must work out a way to have a cheap holiday.
(3) 锻炼，训练(非正常用语) eg: The famous actor keeps fit by working out for an hour every morning.
(4) 有好结果，进行情况良好 eg: Try not to worry. I’m sure everything will work out in the end.
(5) (情况等的)发展，进行 eg: Everything has worked out according to the plan.
5. of one’s own 属于某人自己的
eg: My brother was very interested in computers and enjoyed writing programs of his own.
on one’s own 独自 eg: He lives on his own.
come into one’s own 开始得到应有的声誉
hold one’s own ( against ) 坚持自己的立场
6. used to 过去常常……(现在已经不再如此)
eg: I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.
【辨析】used to与 be / get used to的用法区别：
(1) used to可看作一个半助动词或情态动词，其后跟动词原形，表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。
否定式为：used not to(书面语)，use(d)n’t to(口语)，didn’t use to(口语)
疑问式为：Used sb to…？(书面语)， Did sb use to…？(口语)
反意疑问句式为：use(d)n’t sb？(书面语)， didn’t sb？(口语)
eg: I used not to like opera. / I usedn’t to like opera. / I didn’t use to like opera.
Used you to like opera? / Did you use to like opera?
Didn’t you use to like opera?
You used to like opera, didn’t you?
(2) be used to = get used to都是一个固定的结构，意为“习惯于某事或做某事”，to为介词，后接名词或动名词，不能跟动词原形。 eg: We are used to the weather in the south of
be used to的各种形式变化如下： get used to的各种形式变化如下：
否定式为：sb be(具体形式)not… 否定式为：sb does / do / did not get…
疑问式为：be(具体形式)sb…？ 疑问式为：Do / Does / Did sb get…？
反意疑问句式为：be(具体形式)not sb？ 反意疑问句式为：do / does / did not sb？
(3) be used to do或as / for sth表示某东西被用来做某事或当什么东西来使用，是一个被动语态的结构。
eg: This knife is usually used to cut fruit.
7. make ( good ) use of (充分)利用 eg: Do you want to make use of my bike?
make + the + adj. (最高级) + of词组小结：
make the most of 充分利用，尽情享受
make the best of 充分利用，尽力而为
make the worst of 对……作最坏打算
eg: He wanted to make the most of his chance to learn.
One must learn to make the best of a bed job.
8. After developing special applications of the computer, he hopes to design an intelligent robot which can think logically and look like a human being, but in reality he has a long way to go.
本句中after是介词，后面加动名词作其宾语，after引导的介词短语作整个句子的时间状语。
eg: My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.
9. Look at the way your face has been washed.
way后面是定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：
(1) 在比较正式的文体中用in which；
(2) 一般情况下用that；
(3) in which和that省去。
eg: I don’t like the way which you speak to her. (改错)
应在which前加in或将which 改为that或去掉。
和way相似的词有：situation，point，case等，它们作先行词时，关系词常用where或in which。
1. signal
(1) vi.&vt. 发信号 eg: The teacher signalled to the boy to begin.
(2) n. (为了警告、命令或报信而发出的) 信号，暗号 eg: The railway signal showed that the train could pass.
give / make a signal 发信号 signal of distress 遇难信号，船只失事信号
2. type n. 类型，样式，典范，典型 eg: I love this type of book.
【辨析】type，kind与 sort的区别：
(1) type侧重“典型，型号” eg: a rare blood type 罕见的血型
(2) kind能放在一起的，性质相同或相似的一类，“种类”。 eg: three kinds of cakes 三种蛋糕
(3) sort大体相似的事物所形成的种类，意义较为含糊。
特别注意：
These kinds / types / sorts of + 复数名词或不可数名词， 作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
3. arise vi. ( arose , arisen )
(1) (问题或困境)出现，发生 eg: Several new industries arose in the town.
(2) 起来；站起 eg: The peasants arose against their masters.
(3) 产生；引起；出现 eg: Smoke arose from the chimney.
(4) arise from / out of 由……而引起 / 产生
eg: Are there any matters arising from the minutes of last meeting?
4. electronic adj. 电子 (学) 的或关于电子(学) 的，电子仪器的
electronic dictionaries 电子词典 an electronic computer 电子计算机
5. in a way ( = in one way = in some way ) 在某种程度上 eg: In a way I like this new textbook very much.
in the / one’s way 挡道，挡路 eg: You’ll have to move — you’re in my way.
6. make up
(1) 编制，捏造，虚构 eg: The boy made up a story, which was not true.
(2) 上妆，化妆 eg: Most women make up their faces every day now.
(3) 整理，收拾 eg: The girl is old enough to make up a bed.
make up one’s mind 决定，下决心 make up for the loss 弥补损失 be made up of… 由……构成
7. with the help of… 在……的帮助下
eg: With the help the neighbors, the fire was at last brought under control.
with one’s help = with the help of sb / sth在某人的帮助下
With the help of the teacher (With the teacher’s help), I have made great progress in English.
8. deal with
(1) 对付；处理 eg: There are many difficulties for us to deal with.
(2) 论及；涉及 eg: This book dealing with problems of population is well worth reading.
(3) 与……有贸易往来 eg: I have dealt with this shop for 20 years.
【辨析】deal with与do with的区别：
两者都是侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语，deal的后面不接宾语；deal with常与连接副词how连用；do with常与连接代词what连用。 eg: I don’t know how to deal with him. = I don’t know what to do with him.
9. watch over ( = take care of ) 照料；看守 eg: Could you watch over my dog while I am on holiday?
watch over与watch out ( for…)的区别：
watch over 查看；负责；监视 eg: The soldiers were keeping close watch over the enemies.
watch out (for …) 注意 (……)，留神 (……) eg: Watch out for snakes!
10. She programs us with all the possible moves she has seen while watching human games.
(1) 本句中，因为先行词moves在定语从句中作动词seen的宾语，所以在moves和she之间省略了关系代词that或which。 eg: Is there anything (that) you wanted?
(2) 在连词which引导的时间状语从句中，which之后承前省略了she is。
为了简洁起见，有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包括有动词be时)。
eg: While (he was) waiting, he saw Jim pass by.
有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如if any，if necessary，if possible，if not，if so。
eg: If necessary, ring me at home.
11. After all, with the help of my electronic brain which never forgets anything, using my intelligence is what I’m all about!
(1) after all 毕竟，归根到底，别忘了。其放在句首，表示提醒对方不要忘了某个事实；其放在句尾，表示后面的情况与前面的情况相反。
eg: After all, what does it matter?
So you’ve come after all.
above all 首先，最重要的是
at all 根本，全然
first of all 首先
in all 共总
(2) 在本句中using my intelligence is…是主句，前面的with the help of…为介词短语，只是在这个介词短语中用了一个which引导的定语从句来修饰先行词brain。
