Ⅰ 阅读

【知识点精讲】
1. wild  adj.
(1) 野生的   eg: a wild elephant   wild flowers
(2) 野蛮的   eg: wild tribes
(3) 乱哄哄的；不文明的   eg: a wild party      
(4) 荒芜的；荒凉的   eg: wild mountain regions
(5) 疯狂的，非常激动的  eg: go wild     a wild idea
be wild about sb / sth 狂热地迷恋(某人或某事)  eg: The girls were wild about the film star.
2. decrease  vi.&vt. 减少，降低  eg: The number of children in the school has decreased this year.
on the decrease 在减少中    decrease to …  减少到……   decrease in size by… (尺寸)减少……
【辨析】decrease与reduce的区别：
decrease指“渐渐地减少”    eg: His temperature decreases.
reduce可以表示尺寸、数量、程度或强度的减少，词义引申之后，可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低。侧重指“人为地减少”   eg: This greatly reduced the speed of the ship.
反义词：increase 增加，增大，增多
3. loss  n.
(1) 丢失，丧失   eg: The loss of my watch meant that I had to buy a new one.
(2) 输，失利    eg: What made him unhappy was the loss of yesterday’s basketball match.
(3) 亏损   eg: Their company suffered loss in business last year.
(4) 迷惑的，不解的 at a loss ( = confused / puzzled / at sea )
suffer a loss (of) 蒙受损失    make up a loss 弥补损失
lose  v. 失去，损失，失败  
lose one’s way 迷路    lose oneself in… 沉迷于       
lose one’s balance 失去平衡    lose a game by… (以……之差)输掉比赛
lost  adj. 丧失的，迷失的，输掉的     be lost in 沉迷于，全神贯注
4. hunt  vt.&vi. 打猎      eg: Wolves hunt in packs.
hunt for 搜索，追寻      eg: I hunted for my book everywhere.
hunt out 找出，调查出
5. respond  vi. 回答    eg: I offered him a drink but he didn’t respond.
respond to 反应，对……起作用    respond by a nod 点头答应   respond with a smile 以微笑表示回答
【辨析】answer，reply与respond的区别：
answer (名词亦为answer)是常用词，可指用“口头、笔头、行动”回答。  
eg: The officer answered the guard’s salute by a nod.
reply (名词亦为reply)，较answer正式。   
eg: I sent in my application, and the university replied immediately.
respond (名词为response)，系正式用语，指对“对号召(职责、请求等)做出自发性的适当反应。    
eg: They eagerly responded to the Party’s call to work in the border regions.
6. distant  adj
  (1) 远隔的，遥远的      eg: He lives five miles distant from here.
(2) 疏远的，关系不近的    eg: distant relations
(3) 冷淡的，不亲近的    eg: Instead of stopping to speak, she passed by with only a distant nod.
distance  n. 距离，远方    
in the distance 在远方    at a distance 离一段距离，遥远的     at a distance of 在……远的地方      
keep one’s distance (from sb / sth) 与某人 / 某物保持一定距离，疏远，避免介入
keep sb at a distance 与某人保持一定距离，不愿与某人接近
eg: I would keep my distance from that dog, if I were you.
【辨析】distant，remote 与far的区别：
distant 指“远隔的”，可表示时间、空间的远距离，指时间时，距离可大可小，但当指极大的距离(如太阳与地球的距离)时，用distant，不用far；distant还可指疏远的血缘关系。 
eg: He is a distant cousin of mine.
remote “遥远的”，含有“不易到达的”意思     eg: a town remote from the sea
far 通常只指“空间上的远距离”，间或也用以指时间上的距离。  eg: It’s far away from here.
7. relief  n.
(1) (痛苦或忧虑等的) 减轻，(债务等的) 免除
  eg: in relief 如释重负     give a patient relief from pain 使病人减轻痛苦
(2) 救助，救济  eg: find relief from… 从……中摆脱出来    for the relief of… 为了救济…… 
go on relief 靠救济金生活    to one’s great relief 使某人大为欣喜 / 放心的是……  
to send relief to flood victims 将救济物资运送给遭受水灾的灾民   provide relief for refugees 救济灾民
8. laughter  n. 笑，笑声    eg: She burst into laughter. = She burst out laughing.
burst into laughter 哈哈大笑，纵情大笑   roar with laughter 哄堂大笑      loud laughter 响亮的笑声 
eg: Laughter animated the old man’s face as soon as his son’s name was mentioned.
9. mercy  n. 宽大，仁慈    eg: He was treated without mercy.
without mercy 残忍地，毫不留情地   at the mercy of 在……的掌握之中 
show mercy to sb 对某人表示仁慈     have mercy on / upon 对……有怜悯之心     
throw oneself on sb’s mercy 恳求某人宽恕 
leave sb / sth to the mercy / mercies of sb / sth 听任……可能受到虐待(而无能为力)
merciful  adj. 仁慈的   eg: She was merciful to the prisoners.     be merciful to sb 对某人仁慈
10. certain  adj.
(1) (只作定语)某，某一(些)；相当的，一定程度的；一些，有点儿，某种
eg: There was a certain coldness in her attitude towards me.
for a certain reason 为了某种理由   a certain Smith 某个叫史密斯的人
(2) (只作表语，后跟动词不定式或of，that从句)一定的，必然的；一定会来到或发生的
eg: Are you certain that you’ll get there in time?
be certain of 确信    be uncertain about / of… 对……不确信     be certain to 必然；一定    for certain 肯定地 
be not certain whether… 不能确定是否……     make certain (of, that) 把……弄清楚，保证
【辨析】certain，sure与confident的区别： 
certain指“有充分根据或理由而相信的”。   eg: This letter made me certain of his innocence.
sure 强调“主观上确信无疑的”。   eg: I’m sure you don’t mean it.
confident 强调“对某人或物坚信的或满怀信心的”。 eg: He’s confident he will win.
11. importance  n. 重要，重要性 
eg: The importance of washing one’s hands before a meal is that it prevents infection.
the importance of the problem 问题的重要性    a person of (no) importance 一位(不)重要的人物  
attach / put importance to sth 认为某事物重要
【辨析】importance，consequence与 significance的区别：
importance为一般用语，着重指“本身具有重大价值、意义或影响等”  eg: news of importance
consequence侧重指“具有或可能具有重要或深远的后果”。  
eg: If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences.
significance指“马上显示出的特殊重要意义”。     eg: an even of significance
12. contain  v.
(1) 包含，含有   eg: Beer contains alcohol.
(2) 容忍，抑制(情感)   eg: I could hardly contain laughter.
contain oneself 自制
【辨析】contain，hold，accommodate与include的区别： 
contain着重强调“其中确实包含有”，强调所包含的内容或成分，列举时其后常常列出所包含的全部内容。  
eg: The bottle contains water.
hold指“能容纳”。     eg: The house holds 20 people.
accommodate指“舒适地容纳、接纳”   eg: This hotel was built to accommodate 100 people.
include强调“包括作为整体的一部分”，宾语常为其中的一部分。  eg: The price includes the tax. 
13. affect  v. (= have an effect on) 影响，使感动，侵袭   eg: The changes of society affect the youth.
affection  n. 友情，爱情   affective  adj. 情感的   affected  adj. 受到影响的，受 (疾病) 侵袭的
be affected by 受……影响，被……感动，患(……病)
【辨析】affect，effect，influence，touch与 impress的区别：
affect的定语是物时，包含着足以引起反应的刺激，有时包含一定的改变，有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思。 
eg: This article will affect my thinking.
当affect的宾语是人时，它表示引起感情上的影响，即感动eg: He was in no way affected by their misery.
effect作动词用时，指“实现、达成”，着重指“造成”一种特殊效果。  eg: This book effected a change in my opinion.
effect用作名词时，指“影响，效果”。  eg: The law went into effect yesterday.
influence指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的影响”。其作名词，多用于指感觉或态度上的改变，意为“影响”。 eg: Nobody should drive while they are under the influence of alcohol.
touch所表示的“感动，感触”含有密切接触的意思。此外，touch在表示使人或物受到影响或感动时，总有如下的内涵：激发、搅起、伤害等等。   eg: I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit.
impress通常用于表示深受“感动”，而且把所看到的东西，铭记在心。  
eg: I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
14. appreciate  vt.&vi.
(1) 珍惜，懂得  eg: We all appreciate the holiday after a year of hard work.
appreciate sb’s friendship 珍惜某人的友谊
(2) 觉察，意识到  eg: We appreciate the danger ahead.
(3) (接名词或动词-ing形式)感激，感谢  eg: We greatly appreciate your timely help.
(4) 鉴赏，欣赏   eg: I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
15. succeed  vi.&vt.
(1) (常与in连用)成功，完成   eg: He succeeded in the examination.
succeed in (doing ) sth 成功做某事
(2) (常与to连用)继承，继位   eg: He had no son to succeed him.  
succeed to the throne 继承王位
16. secure 
(1) adj. 可靠的，稳定的    eg: Is this ladder secure?
(2) vt. 获得，取得     eg: She has secured a good job.
   使安全，保卫    eg: He secured the doors and windows.
security  n. 安全；保障；抵押品    eg: The government looks after the security of the country.
17. employ  vt.
(1) 雇用    eg: This motor plant is employing three thousand workers.
(2) 用，使用    eg: He employed himself (in) teaching English.
in the employ of 受……雇用      in sb’s employ 受……雇用     out of employ 失业 
employ oneself in / on / doing 从事于，时间花在……    employ …as 把……用作
【辨析】employ与use的区别：
employ属正式用语，可与use互换，强调“使闲散的东西发挥作用或进行选择，以便充分利用”。
eg: I employ my spare time in reading.
use系常用词，指“把某人或某物当作工具来使用，以满足需要或达到目的”。
eg: When we write, we always use pens or pencils.
18. harm 
(1) n. 伤害，损害   eg: The child fell over but came to no harm.
come to harm 受到损害   do no harm 无害   do sb / sth ham = do harm to sb / sth 对……有害
mean no harm 没有恶意   no harm done 一切平安无事     out of harm’s way 脱险
(2) vt. 损害，伤害     eg: I have never harmed anybody.
harmful  adj. 有害的
19. die out 
(1) (指家族、物种等)灭绝    eg: As a result these endangered animals may even die out.
(2) (指习俗、观念等)消失，过时    eg: The practice of children working in factories has nearly died out.
(3) (指火)熄灭，其后不接宾语    eg: It took a long time before the big fire died out.
die away(光、声音等)慢慢消失；(风)停下来 eg: The wind died away, and the leaves became silent again.
die for“为……而献身”      eg: The soldiers died for his country / the revolutionary cause.
die off表示“相继死去，直到绝种”，后不能接宾语。   eg: The members of the family had all died off.
die down逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊  
eg: After the excitement of the audience died down, the speaker restarted his speech.
be dying for sth / be dying to do sth 渴望做某事   eg: I’m dying for something to eat.
die hard(旧习惯等)难改掉     eg: Old habits die hard.
【辨析】die from与 die of的区别：
die from常用于由于外部创伤或间接的原因致死    eg: He died from an accident / a wound / overwork.
die of一般用于害病、疲劳、饥渴、失望、等感情原因致死  eg: He died of joy / fear / grief / old age / hunger.
当表示因病而死时，二者均可。eg: die from / of heart disease / cancer
20. in peace  
(1) 平静的(地)   eg:… about 30 remain after being left in peace with no hunting…
(2) 处于清净或安逸之中    eg: I live in peace in the country.
at peace 休战，和睦相处    eg: The two nations are now at peace.
21. be in danger (of) 有……的危险，在危险中   eg: Why are they in danger of disappearing?
in no danger 没有危险    in great danger 十分危险    out of danger 脱离危险  run the danger of 冒……的危险
【辨析】dangerous 与in danger的区别：
dangerous指人、物、事态可能引起危险，对别人构成威胁。 
in danger资人或物本身处于危险中，受到外来的威胁。 
22. protect…from…  保护……使不(……伤害)，防御   eg: I protecting myself from mosquitoes.
protect sb from danger 保护某人免遭危险
23. pay attention to 注意     eg: You should pay more attention to your reading and writing.
with attention 专心地   attract / draw sb/s attention (to…) 引起某人注意      give one’s attention to… 注意……
24. This is what wildlife protection is all about.
本句式属于This / That + be + wh-疑问词引导的表语从句，从句中须采用陈述句语序。引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，when，where，how，why，as if，as though，because。
eg: What the police want to know is when you entered the room.
25. Please take me to a distant land where I can find the animal that gave fur to make this sweater.
where引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词land；在此定语从句中又包含着that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词animal，在定语从句中作主语。   eg: Is he the man who wants to see you?
26. Our fur is being used to make sweaters for people like you.
本句中，is being used是现在进行时的被动语态，表示动作正在被执行。
27. You should pay more attention to the rainforest where I live and appreciate how the animals live together.
本句为and连接的两个并列句。and之前为第一个分句，在该分句中，有一个where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rainforest；and之后为第二个分句，承前省略了主语，在该分句中，有一个how引导的宾语从句，作appreciate的宾语。本句可理解为：You should pay more attention to the rainforest where I live, and you should appreciate how the animals live together.
28. No rainforest, no animals, no drugs.
本句可一被看作是There are no animals and no drugs without rainforest.或 If there is no rainforest, there will be no animals and no drugs.的省略。
no …no… 没有……就不……      eg: No pains, no gains.

Ⅱ 语言学习

【知识点精讲】
1. bite  vt.&vi. ( bit, bitten , biting )
(1) 咬，(虫)叮   eg: The boy bit into the apple.
  (2) 咬成(某种)状态   eg: The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers.
  (3) 抓紧；卡紧   eg: The car’s tires would not bite on the snow.
     bite one’s lips 掩饰愤怒或不快     bite sb’s head off 斥责       bite the dust 被打败
n. (1) 咬     eg: He took a bite out of the pear.
  (2) 咬伤；刺痛；锋利   eg: There seems to be a bite to his words.
  (3) 事物    eg: He hasn’t had a bit (to eat) all day.
2. as usual  和平常一样     eg: As usual, he arrived early and started to work.
usual此处意为“一贯如此的，习惯性的”。
3. After a while she saw some zebra with black and white lines going beneath their stomachs.
本句中包含了with + 宾语 + 宾补结构作定语用法。
with + 宾语 + 宾补，宾补可以由形容词、副词、分词、不定式、或介词短语来充当。在句中作定语或状语。
eg: He used to sleep with windows open.  (adj.)
   He used to sleep with the light on.  (adv.)
   With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous. (v. –ing)
   All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.  (v.-ed)
   With so much homework to do, I can’t go out with you.  (不定式)
   The teacher came in with a book in her hand. (介词短语)

Ⅲ  综合技能

【知识点精讲】
1. inspect  vt.
(1) 检查，审查   eg: He inspected the car before he bought it.
  (2) 视察；调查   inspect troops 阅兵   inspect a factory 视察工厂   inspect…for…就……而检查
【辨析】inspect，examine，investigate与scan的区别：
inspect指“仔细查看是否有不足之处或不标准的地方”  eg: They inspected the work of the institute.
   examine指“仔细调查或审查”   eg: The doctor examined him carefully.
   investigate指“用某种方法、分步骤地对复杂情况或问题进行调查，以揭露事实、分析原因、找出特点” 
eg: investigate the cause of a railway accident
   scan指“细看、审视”   eg: His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.
2. incident  n.
(1) 事变，事件   eg: In a recent vicious incident two bombs exploded.
(2) 事情，小事件     eg: Were there any exciting incidents during your journey?
【辨析】incident，affair，occurrence与event的区别：
    incident同event意思相近，指“事件，事”，尤指较重大的、有影响的政治事件等。
  eg: On the very day before I felt, an incident occurred.
    也可指“不太重要的小事件”  eg: an ordinary incident
    affair指“有关的事务、活动等”，也常指“婚外恋”   eg: The affair remained a complete mystery.
    occurrence系常用词，指“任何发生的事件”   eg: an unforeseen occurrence
    event指“有重要意义的历史事件”  eg: Graduation from university is an event in life.
    也可指“每日里发生的事件、活动或比赛项目”  eg: The important event of the week was the big storm.
3. dust 
(1) n. 灰尘，尘土   eg: There is a lot of dust on this table.
(2) vt.&vi. 打扫灰尘    eg: She dusted the table.
     throw dust in sb’s eyes 欺骗某人
4. fierce  adj.
(1) 残忍的，凶猛的    eg: We wanted to offer help, but the fierce glare on his face stopped us.
  (2) 强烈的，猛烈的   eg: In the fierce fighting the lightly wounded refused to leave the front line.
    a fierce wind 劲风    a fierce storm 狂风暴雨     a fierce light 刺眼的强烈光线   
    fiercely  adv. 猛烈地，厉害地
5. come into being 产生，形成，成立    eg: Do you know when the new government came into being?
【辨析】come into being，carry out，perform，realize与come true的区别：
    come into being指原来没有的事物现在“开始存在”或“产生出来”  
eg: Recently a new anti-Japan trend has come into being.
    carry out指把预定的计划、规则等变成现实，其意相当于fulfill   eg: It is time for us to carry out this plan.
    perform是do的正规说法，指“执行、进行”某种任务或计划等   eg: The surgeon performed the operation.
    realize指把梦想、理想等变为现实，为及物动词   eg: He has finally realized his dream as a writer in his childhood.
    come true为不及物动词，指梦想、理想等随时间前进而变成现实eg: His dream as a writer in his childhood comes true finally.
6. according to 根据，按照(主要引出状语)     eg: Everything went according to plan.
according to后一般不接view和opinion这类词，也不接表示第一人称的代词 (me，us)
eg: In my opinion, the film is wonderful.  (正确)
According to my opinion, the film is wonderful. (错误)
According to me, the film is wonderful.  (错误)
【辨析】according as与 base on / upon的区别：
according as根据，随……而定(后接从句)   eg: Everyone contributes according as he is able.
bade on / upon根据，以……为基础    eg: This news report is based entirely on fact.
7. so that与 so…that…的区别：
so that引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，从句中常使用can / could / may / might / will / would / should等情态动词或助动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“因此；所以” 
eg: The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother’s day.
so…that… 表示“如此……以至于……”，so后跟形容词或副词，that后引出结果状语从句。
eg: I was so busy at that time that I didn’t go to sleep for three days.
8. They lived on the earth tens of millions of years age, long before humans came into being and their future seemed secure at that time.
在本句中，long before意思是“很久以前”。before是连词，其后可以接名词或一个从句；当上下文明确时，名词或从句可以省略，一般用在过去时或完成时的句子里。eg: I haven’t received your letter long before.
用于It + be + 时间段 + before…句型中，如果主句中用否定式，则表示“不多久……就……”
eg: It won’t be long before we meet again.
before long作“不久以后，很快”讲，用作时间状语，相当于soon，可用于各种时态。eg: Before long, he went to America.