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“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。例如：

The man who/whom /that you spoke to is a teacher. =The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.

 

一、基本构成

1．“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which（指物）或whom(指人) ，即：介词 + which/whom。

The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.

The city in which she lives is far away.

The little girl is reading a book, in which there are many cartoons.

注意：当介词放在关系代词的前面时，用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。

2．在限制性定语从句中，当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时，关系代词可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介词的宾语，且此处关系代词可以省略，特别是在口语中。如：

The man (who/whom /that )you spoke to is a teacher.

The city（which/that）she lives in is far away.

注意：通常介词放在定语从句中动词后，也可以放在关系代词前面，但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分，介词只能放在动词后，如： look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。

This is the pen that / which you are looking for.

The patient whom she is looking after is her father.

  The words that /which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard.

There are fifty patients who/whom/that we must take good care of.

3．关系副词when，where，why可用“介词＋which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词。其中：① when = 表时间的介词（如：in, at, on, during等）+ which；② where = 表地点的介词（如：in, at, on, under等）+ which；③ why = 表原因的介词（如：for）+ which

1）当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。

I still remember the day when / on which I came here.

2）当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。

This is the house where / in which I lived last year.

3）当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。

There are many reasons why /for which people like traveling. 

 

【练习】Are these sentences right?

1. The man with whom you talked is my friend.

2. The man(who/that) you talked with is my friend.

3. The man with who/that you talked is my friend.

4. The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.

5. The plane in that we flew to Canada is very comfortable.

 

二．介词的选择

1．根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。

I never forget the day on which I came to this school.    (on the day)

1949 was the year in which the P.R.C was founded.     （in the year）

2．根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。

This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan.             (spend money on sth.)

3．根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。

This is my pair of glasses,        without which        I cannot see clearly.

My computer, without which I can’t play computer games, broke down yesterday.

昨天我的电脑坏了，没有它我不能玩电脑游戏。

Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?

4．根据定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配关系选择。

   The student to whom I want to be grateful is Tom.

【练习】填空。

1. This is the gun _____ _______ the hunter shot the antelope.

2. The athletes _______ _____ he will compete come from Greece and Czech Republic.

3. He’ll never forget the day ____ ______ he was admitted to the Olympic Games for the first time.

4. The musicians _____ ______ we have great interest toured Europe with us.

5. The sun gives us heat and light, _______ which we can’t live.

6. I’ll never forget the day ___ which she said good-bye to me.

7. Who can give me the reason ____ which he hasn’t turned up yet?

8. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ________ she could turn for help.

9. The man __________ you shook hands just now is our headmaster.

10. The room __________ my family live used to be a garage.

11. Did you find the pen ___________ I wrote just now?

12. Did you find the paper __________ I wrote my letter?

13. Did you find the composition ______ I wrote just now?

【练习答案】

1. with which 2. against whom 3. on which 4. in which 5. without 6. on 7. for 8. to whom  9. with whom 10. in which/where 11. with which 12. in which 13. which/that

 

三、注意事项

1．“介词＋关系代词”结构不可用关系副词替换的情况

1）“介词＋which/whom”在定语从句中充当方式或目的状语。例如：

Nearby were two canoes in which the savages had come to the island.

附近有两只独木舟，野人就是乘这独木舟来到岛上的。

Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought the book?  你能告诉我你为谁买了那本书吗？

2）“介词（短语）＋which/whom”在定语从句中充当表示存在关系的地点状语。例如：

Before us we can see a small hill, at the front of which there is a small river.

在我面前我们能到一座小山，在它的前面有一条小河。

3）“介词by + which/whom”在被动结构的定语从句中表示动作的发出者。例如：

The fox by which chickens were killed was shot. 吃掉小鸡的那只狐狸被击毙了。

4）“some/any/none/all/both/either/half/several/ many/much//most/few/little/数词等+of which/whom”在定语从句中充当主语，表示整体中的一部分。例如：

We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of whom are healthy.

我们不应该花钱对那么多的人进行体检，这些人大多数都是健康的。

5）“介词 + whose”修饰后面的名词。例如：

The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.

金先生工作的那个部门的老板听说了这场事故。

2．有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：

He is the student (who/whom/that) the teachers are looking for.

The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 30.

3．注意复杂介词短语+which或whom引导的定语从句，是高考考查热点。

They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen.

Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three students.

4．“不定代词+of+ which/ whom”引导的定语从句可化为“of+ which/ whom+ 不定代词”结构，这也是高考常考点。其中用到的不定代词有some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, 等等。

There are 40 students in our class, most of whom（=of whom most）like English.

These are books written by Mark Twain, one of which（=of which one）was read to me by my father

She has two sons, neither of whom（=of whom neither）is a teacher.

She has many books, none of which(=of which none) is interesting.

5．“关系代词whose+名词”引导的定语从句可转化为“the+名词+of+ which/whom 或 of+ which/whom+ the +名词结构”；of 表所属关系。

I live in a room whose windows are all broken.

=I live in a room of which the windows are all broken.

= I live in a room the windows of which are all broken.

This is my teacher whose handwriting is excellent.

= This is my teacher the handwriting of whom is excellent.

= This is my teacher of whom the handwriting is excellent.

6．由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，当主从句主语一致时，定语从句可缩略为：介词+ which/whom+ to do 结构。

I have a small room in which I live in.

=I have a small room in which to live.

=I have a small room to live in.

He has a good friend to whom he can turn for help.

=He has a good friend to whom to turn for help.

=He has a good friend to turn to for help.

7．介词后不一定只能接关系代词，可能会接关系副词，主要取决于介词及句子意思。

He used to live in London, from where he came from.

He graduated from Beijing University in 1988, since when he has improved himself in all aspects.

8．way后常用that代替in which，也可省略that。

I really don’t like the way that he talks.

That was the way in which the old lady looked after us.

Do it the way I showed you.

9．表示地点，时间和原因的“介词＋which”分别相当于 where，when，why。

The earth on which /where we live is a planet.

I’ll never forget the day on which /when I joined the League.

I know a wood in which /where you can find roses.

Is there any reason for which /why you should have a holiday？

10．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，介词后面的关系代词不能省略。