(一)考纲要求
考纲规定,冠词考查基本用法,包括定冠词与不定冠词,不定冠词a与an的区别;不用冠词的情况;习语中的冠词;特指与泛指等。
(二)命题导向
冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点,几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目,不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法,习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。
(三)基本用法
当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词(即不用冠词)三种。冠词是一种虚词,起限定作用,是最主要最典型的限定词,放在名词(或名词化的形容词分词)前面,说明其所指的人或物。
1、定冠词的基本用法:
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin.
⑾ 发明物。如:The compass was invented in China.
⑿ 年代名词前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
⒀ 固定词组中。如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
2、不定冠词的基本用法:
① 泛指一个。如:There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day.(我们一天吃三餐。)
⑤ 表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)
⑥ 表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk.
⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译"帮手")
⑧ 固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
3、不用冠词的情况:
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如:Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如:We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如:I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前,一般不用冠词。如:She likes spring most.
⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother?
⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如:What did you have for lunch?
⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如:People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如:She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩对肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。