下载地址：本站下载
一、概述
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词when、where、why等。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词that）
His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone whose family was poor.
他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系代词whom）
In 1519 another traveller who went to
1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。（引导词是关系代词who）
I still remember the day when I first came to
我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词when）
This is the house where we lived last year.
这就是我们去年住的房子。（引导词是关系副词where）
二、关系代词和关系副词的句法功能
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。
1、作主语
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）
The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from
昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词who在句中作主语）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water.
他们种植了需水不多的树木。（引导词which在句中作主语）
2、作宾语
在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought was not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li.
刚才你与其交谈的人是
3、作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.
布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher.
这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的语
注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital.
老板到医院拜访了
4、作状语
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。
三、关系代词的用法
英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：
1、who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry.
起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)
The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball.
你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.
他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）
2、whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。
3、which 的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in
今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.
他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略）
It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.
它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know.
我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）
4、that 的用法
that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you.
这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack.
这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust.
她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
5、关系代词that和which的区别
1）相同点
这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)
2）用that，不用which的情况
① 当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。
② 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.
这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
③ 当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。
④ 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.
他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。
⑤ 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。
⑥ 当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the car that was made in
⑦ 当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。
3）用which，不用that的情况
① 引导非限制性定语从句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.
卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
② 直接放在介词后作宾语时。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.
语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。
【注意】巧记that和which的区别：
that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。
6、关系代词who与that的区别
1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。
2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
7、as的用法
1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.
不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)
2）such…that…与such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。
3）the same…that…与the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：
This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）
This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
4）as 引导非限制性定语从句
as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.
众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。
8、but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.) 没有不爱自己子女的母亲。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)
几乎没有人不受伤。
9、than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.
来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
